Qjgill - ulifilg uginilg nnlnill jyhgll uuIjeII Ifljuu fijjgiii oioLfli uif flluiliii
1990-1923 ^i^Aall tJjiuL* iaiI tiljjIL 1978 >aLLa ^ SLAuJI Cijxia
i 3 jJ»«MaJ\
4 V f H I I] jJt-LM
ol.j 15
17
cJ^ JO
usLi^t IjVjj 50
L*iLj^-ai ijVji 50
^alj^lOO
^JLc J^ujJj ubVlj J^LdJIj 4 *it fi.lU ^yilo^JI (j.u.ijdt
ubVlj ij^^laJlj iiLdiAJ tyllo^II (j-uL^lI
(V\o) Ytrm^ : t^La
www.kuwaitculture.org.kw
ISBN 99906 -0-096-1
(Y-Y/-Ytr)j.ijjVi ( a,
ublllg ugmilg oBtolil suhgll uuLmll
bdrifai @ nccal.org.kw
J i>-H O-jlj
alam_almarifah @ hotrnaiLcom
JLl1uJ(j ^ijj>.^Mj JLuJaulJt
^bjyi 3jl>.j
Tho Hunt for Life on Mars
by
Donald Goldsmith
Penguin, USA, 1997.
10$ SU»J* Ji*i:^ iJl J
165 fc^^j
M7 oL->lU.nl,l
Sj f ^J_l-u JLJL-JJ V 4 i ^-<li JpL^ CV* ij*- 1 ^
4_jlc. 1 j ^ A , U j ^^jJl SjliiVl 4JLfe ^-lV 4 j » m
^jl 4j^_Aj ^^-3 illjJL_o j i r
♦ SjUJtL 4_4_ h ujJ| L^Iil ^1 4 tlUU ^jS^Jl
4 • , ,„ < 4 ciJl ) A )) : L^J Jj-AJ ^ I <j **< a -j n n hj
4_aLulJLl jLl^^I 4_> ^U-kj ^jdi ^LoIaV! y , u.c .
jjLi^j J^i-.gjjil ^ 4Lo^» 5Li^ jj^jj ^u^i Jaii ojua.
^ <UjJL-3 Pi > ^ 4Jb CjUjM-jC JLjvj ^JUl
JjJLo. ^r^l ^Un UI <L>J» :4_t^j > l l i SjJta^JI
Luajl ji i ^SH OjjI JLSj . 3jL*J J^Vl ^^k. ijlj 31 j j j.j t" ^1 4 JJjJLI
^3 ^Jufc JiL^Tu 4 4^oL*JI ^jLtD iU*ti < « Jj^*j ULc > 1 r L»
^ ujL&JI (JlA <„, ,TrUiS>\ (jfj tOlj-JLiJt aJufc <±j|jL^J Lr Lc 5 JUL I «... U
ij;r IlJ! CjULuJI (jloj-xj f.i*\*\\ fj^ji m o^- t«4j<jir 4_4£L=t_4 ^1 4-L>»j
J A L jlsL <<&->Ji\ ^yLc Qj^i^UJI j U UjL£.l . it ,\ mj . 4_ljVl dJLA
UjJL£.1 xtt.c itiUj J^a jJl^Vl j _ V i^iTI Ji^l J 4JU-jualli £jl ^ Mitt
Jjj9 4_uJa^ ^jrt ir\\\ jJojo L^Euoj . ^joi jJI IjlA 4jI Ju CjI jr I Jl3 ^ j j nl
oUtt (jTr-Tr-j!) (Jj -»» ^j^o 3^ j i ^ 4-C 4j <^> ft.tt ^JlA q a i<ri~ry iQi )> a » a
1 9. Li.<u£ 1 1 ^(biology L^jJ^j-Ji) *Ll_^V1 ^lc *astronomy liiioJl ^i^. 4_>i ju
jJi^Vl fj>iJI aJsLl^^L) ^geology Lo.y^>JI) J^ji\ CjUJU
{j$\-a\ ^ 2LpJI) «exobiology Lxjvjj^-uj *.a<^\)) Jlo ( ^liJ SjuJjJi i2bt>£.
^ybj * origin - of - life studies «SU->JI J-uof cjL^Ijj»j ((^jV) j-uL
^yJ! Jj-oj-jJI ^yA (j^LoJLj t±xJ >- t4 l I mi <H 4— jLjIjlj (^Jb (J!>-J ^ u ^ c
,(J4Juju}\ {jja CjIjLjJLq 4jujI Jj^ Lx-jS^ ^ Ju> - ^ (3^^^ 4-lL<ml>5 j jLxj
Ji^l j 3j^->.jJLi 4jj^>JLi ovoids «cjI j.^j jTI» j,j.< u,a* JiLo *L»L«j 4_*^>L>*
r.i* T Martian analogue ijy MjJ>\ JjL5_*U j*ljjJI L:r Lc i l .a 1^ n
■
1<3 •«* T.» u>^^r^^ *L1*J1 ^jJSj ^pJl traces jIjVI Jlaj . 4.1, ^ ^>>*1'
L*_£) o^J-UI j-*U Qryl*L4.U jury ^,11 ^ <^ ^» , > Jl Jj * » I j t ^ H l> mjl1
. 4_A_uLq ^J>XI (jy^C- 4_4JjLdJI SLpJl 4 J ir>4
4 j j Ustt 3jL_UI ^ a J ^ j -< ^ 0) 1 j <j
(^jJLstj * Antarctica Kj *KjLuf t ^j^J^.I I
^1 Jua ^j-.JJI j^-j>JI ljuk <jj .Mars ^j>Jtl
j^dLulJI ^ 4_jJL*J1 (■w.n^Ua t Jt nib £_jjJJ
Sj^^jJLl ^ j nil £-4 JjjLLalu 4_L>.lj> {J7 £ dJj^>.jJLl
JL^ ,4^UI ^oLuJl ( Y )(J>Ur o Ji^S
L>* f»-^! <jt^>^ C^3-^' J-^ 1 ?^^' (Jji— atJ
(jl 4 n j n l£JU j ^j-fl 4-j1j_c. jJt£^Vtj - j ^ ^tl
4Jjj j_Lj j^jJl *£J>U (>a fOl SJI
.3>ifc^i]l ojla crevices , ,
( j ^1 . ■ ■**' * t—fll mH^VI IjUk r^J^- t^J^ J**1J <4jt>.|j_A iCjl^l mH^VI ^-lojw
J^a^ ' * ^ j j ' " (^ySu^-joVl *\ inntl £_flLj^_i ^jLj ^^ic. Lj l^a. . . jaJjjuj <j! (_oeJj
3l_L>. ->J-^J <jr i^. 5JjVl (j-* jLjjJLt <_ iU 4 j< n ~ U 4jljLg-AJ 4_lLLjlH 4j1jJL3
IjuJl>u CjLdaiju S-flLt-uaU J-a-stJ * ^ tCM^L-uLj) ^Lua-oll J (jlj^olaJI
j in >■ jLi— u» JL>.j» i— iJL^-jj V UjI q ^ti p<j iij <jt >(JL9 CT^>-
4_uAj ^pJI j t L}L>J1 Sjl-i^jj j-t mil 4_*JL» structures ^Ju ^ Jj mm II
LdLiA tjL £l>2£l jt tiiLiA L y±jJ .m>jV) 3j^.^il LpSLJI La Lcjj
.« jjjJLl ^^JL. }Luol CjJuvj JL9
(j^o < PtmXTI I jla ^ ^jj^jLjJLl ^LJaJI 4j £j-^ Lxj (jui-ujJI jj^Lcl jn>l
t£^>. j-CjJ-* >^J ~~ « Ll^jLj» j-" cr^ (^Lj*-^ ur* f-^J^ 3
cluj mm jJa £_jj-U ^yJL. 3Llj>. Jko^>J dLijVl duL^ <j| Julj *<UI y r 4j
£c_jjLj_JI Ly IL->.J . 4_oSL3e-4 4 .> <v 1 4-jjt, a ^£1 ^.jLllII j— ifuJJ ^"i •>» Jlj^L>. *— ^1
(j^a j mi r (j-ujL-oJI 4_IL>JI dJufc 4jL£" ^jJlj 1 4-j V, jji, I 4 m nil j mi it ^^q-ojjJI
tdjjuvlj (jJJ^( frl <iUtlj <(JLdJLl I j m ^ (jjj-Il ^1)^-**"^^ Cr^ - L/y^ JL-afl t^j nU r nr I
I jut 1— sjujjj ^ t Lt^gjw Ijlijij £jt t L^-iJe ^ mi n ( 11 (J7 HJI 4_L>JLl ^Uoj
(jit. (jaj-ju JjLjj J>^>- 4jjLuaJ,l jJus ^^Jl jLjj^VI L? ic C^J-U jJajnJI ^j^a
JL>J| ^yfc 1_4-^ iL7 ^ujX\ ^^-lxII j^e^ti! 4^1 ,.u<JL>j . 4 j ^Ml 43j_*JJ ^3
4l^fl ^ 4 j'ull- 4_L>JLi CJL^ (C ^Vl CjUsI 1I1 ".<V1 (>* j J*i<ti cPl ^ ■■■■■fcajJb
I*jl-2Jx1J 4 &\j-a)2\ 4 j \_<^>JI jjwuaj ^^lll iScience (^IjJI) (((jjujL^))
obVaJ! ^ Ul ^1 U^lj IjLSuil WaJ! c^^UJLI ^jl .(^^^LJI
(Jjljt ^ j j. ui> (jXc lAjJa^* Lo SjLc 4_bc-a iSjLstHJU
mi"*sI jL_lj>.| CjIJU JUiJa :J|^£^JJ^_JI La I c—l JL->» nWi mf I j^ni
4_cl til >Z .-a I U *1 1 j I j jLLaj (ji^. jl mi ^ ^-JjJLl (jjx. 4-*jJu9 3l j
JLfl «(jjijjLi-u)) 4 \y a CjI jj mi rU Jl rt <vll JjolSJI ^n <tl ^jl LAjLija
Jt t jlij SSLtitJjJLl 4 in fill jL-lJ*. I t_jj-i-u t 2v a Lai .Cxjj-ojVI 4fv 1 mi <_ ? Jx. j^JLd
^JlII tUJjJI J^-u^jJJ 4jjLo.V1 JjL^^J ti^jJJl 4_>.l3lj (Ji^il
ujijIjj JLulj i ^.Luaj 3tj-alj JL^j 4 mo v (jLa i«,jjJjLcu»
(j j ( (i \ ^j>. jS j^a ( _y3 (jrto^wjJj) J > - (JMJ J J > Co-j^ j <i jjj ^ISLa Jl_lAj J
_ (ju/Lfl^J ^iL^ 1 a ^ * o j *CtV mi JtH^ ^ 'J 1 * a <( LujU» 4JL£^I ^_jLhJI ^1 <r>
i(!jL&) ^Jujjjj ^ Jj «*< a 4 t cL>> ^ Lj-j>.jJj j (C3 JU 4JJI 2L*_^ ijjIjJI
.4^jVl SLpJI J*. 5LbVl f j£L I ^ -UCLA
(^) ^IrtUl Lil nil! ^>^ijo 4»aSL>J1 4j1 CjLjjI «Ljilj» (^SJ
«> > g^l JiL^ t>« ^oixJl j>, i rt n j-*- «u (^jJI organized skepticism
^L^Lui Jjl£ 1^ n 11*1 ^Ia^ej l_3jo!u j^iVi 1 ij-ojjll frL^jjt
4Ai^tl Lillj j^JU LcoL) CjLcLqJLjwI 4_^L2 ^ ^1 ir ^JLc
i«jUJI » — a ^ m i 'l ^I jlU >-al Atl6\ ^Ja£.t» 4ju < ^jJI *cold fusion JjLJI
JSUuj ^IjVl vjL^UI ^jl^V 4JjVl ^bJJI c^3 Uai^
Pons tj-uj^j ^LLuu Ujk . pLSL ^ jl * \\A\ ^jLo j^-i LT ^a . 4_aLj»J1
cr^ tiJ>J ^Lajul IjLALi U^jf _ Fleischmann ^1 o imjI'a ^jLjj
5jLii c^J' 3j1^kJI CjLj-jJ ^ (juioJj *2bjLsJ| 3jl
jjrnl i n " i ii a £££-j "< ■> a !j_jL£ jJ L*-£ 3^-ALlflJI 4 iii ii v ^ jij)^^ mi "ill 1 JU
^j-u-i^J (jyllJI t ^Lj^j 4_*__-aLj>- d*-rtLfl (jl^. Jj^Jo tl^j oj ^Jj . ^ U « ^
(^jj (j^a JLȣ.^I (jMj o " {JIji mm < ill ( rtjK*M -1 ^Lua-tSJI f> . .i^ ^IjJu
Jj>-*j Oy 5 ^ cr^ U^jJL^.L-tJL iMagaziner jJjjUwLo I ^j| 4 o ml '\j ^tl
ijJbjL^La j»L£ . L^jIj j" V a ^ ^jjJJI ^LojuVI iiuLjtjV 4jjL>uV! 2u&^>J\
^y a- mi l ^^Lt-oVI Jj_=*. c> iaajVl <"m jU 4_xjLj ml, I 4 t j^j o^tP (J? 1 -^
oVI 4£.LaJI» 4jjIj^JI ^Jitj ^ Sjj^uaj (jjijAj^SJI j-j&Luj ihealth reform
. \ f r >jJ& . LoLcj ^JUJI ^iieJ JUJlaJI ^LtJI I JlA <jl Julj I ^ u^-p 1 ^
Jti\ gSLiiJI jl <jJ>^I dr^U! ^Lfljul j-aj .jJiul\ J^s ( A ) (fuSL^t)
^Juo ("1 <lr I Lo jLcj-xxi 1 L^-J-lj ^Luap Lc^j I jl mmI^j ^j-oj^-j jl
J-iHa JJlc ^.jJI UT icj . 4jj 4jjl 1 » £_jLIlj ^1 I^Ll^jj ^Jg
^L^aJuVI (jj^. ^3L*_tl jij^_atj IjJIj La jj-J jJI i^j-oJI ^jjjL>Jl ^LcJjlJI c j^o
^4 j iX^AJI tfjLA o^-K 1 -^i^ Jp^l "it! (^xIaJI ^Lo^w^I jL^ ojLJI (^jjiil
tLLa^l ^ clotii JLl Utah ^>Ij^j 4j^aLw ^ 4_AaJlU 4_J^Vl ^jLuJI q\ Jl£jj
5^jfcLU> lj^J^» J^LcVI ^ ^Laju^l jJeai. g-j ir>Tt ^ ^ 1" U^J-J 4_a^! jjl
jjLojJI L;r j3 JUJL-5t_lJLiJ iCj|j_L-u ^1 mt lillj JLJtJJ
Jl^ t^JjJLl ^111 (jr^ ^-^J^ 4 1 T^i 3L->. -i^>*J jLl>- t (jl JLoIjwI JL>-| Jrt»j
4 try ^ jSjJjj i u i^- i \\ (Jj/-^ t ^qJj . JjL-lJI ^JJjJI ^LcJU^I 4jjjU>- jj^j
(ji^S Oj-Lc 4j>Ij Jj^ 4jL ^Ij I^jI^ ^jI Jj t^jL^I L^JJ^I ^LaJuVI
i_)^-L>. Uj *SL>. ^1 ^> j uij ti>>-l structures ^ ^^Li^l ^ULJI
Jj^-jjl 4J_jJt_« 4_ik. j ~< c ^j^jj >^>- Ji»-I J <",ii ,m"<1 ^^Jl j-LoJJI
(j^-> »l in (itl J t rtlLj 31 j >■ , [ y^j Jl_£ 4_jf L.U- >>> ( _ r uu Lc_4 t4 j tn'\j
^L^JjtJI ^ ^Jl 5LaL-t^VL 4 j ^ K j 4_j»_oL^k ^ Anders jjJbl
i^j-jIJI Jj^-jj! (jrl^ 4 £ <» t"U tijLstjVl ^ vij^L) MilU
oLj^Lc ^1 (^-a I — « i3L_j__>. ^\ r> SUIjlII ^ i itl tiiij ^1
(jJJ o-^j 'o^J^ er^ 1 5 ->>^^i^ 3L_j_tkJI ^ tlaLuI ^ * contaminants
. Lo 4JL^_Laj (^^jJJI j^*j>JI (Ji-t J
J^Lk 4jjJj Jl o" ^1 LaLftj ^Jbjl t"t r I ^yja (jr iejj-U ^j*_^>JI 4_<_Jjj ^^Lc
jl * J "l ( J p $ "P ^ Jl£. ^j_<3 ^X.jJI (jyl^J • 4JLL>u pj ij^^ >4jjjJtj^ t4j>.|j V" ( til
L$£.L^a>-j Ju£. (jjitjuaJJ 0) SjufcLUl CjI m«TI <ji jl^UV 2bjlJL<s t-jjL^o tjt>>*ij
V*f 1 <il <jl . ^y-t-JjJLI (^j-jjJl j_^el_>JI d^laj Lq-C < im^I V i 1 ^ 1 11 n\ CjI jl «i t,U
Ljr^J * 4 J plr 4jl^_>iJ j^l I J 1 iiLml Uj-^n- (Jli-<u *) <(4-lajl i^tl lL»Lcj^I)) oJLA
^LoJaVI jLloJ» jLp^l Lsi $jju1\ C.^Ij! t 4JL>JI dJuii
JjL-t_"i „rtj I , V t a VIjljv ^La- mil j^JjJJ J^"i ml J_2_3 idU jJj
SJljJLC CjI j) n 11 I j 0" < n j t rfj tc-^l miI^VI jux jj) ^ i^Juo ^ 1^ J I JL>Jl j.,<CLi t>\j
^JlSLIj .^j-^SLII LjjL->- ^ tri « <> (^yiii S^jLc. ujLS^I 4jjl J^_>j 4_j_it_)jJLl
tiUj ^ o^-t (jLuJI (jLfl 4jj|jJl Jj^Jl I JlA 4jB-Llj ^t\;tl (^^aJuj
£j jaJI ^ SU> o« £t*fll
4_*-o^ 4_uj^ U SUut ^1 t>o 'Extraterrestrial life L«Uj c^jVi £>U.
{yL <LL>.}U 4JUJ9 LltU- jrJJUJ (^jdi U9 ^L^-Lc <att^ajt LuLpJ 4^il ,m 3Lp*
SLpJi jj^a CjLLur t Lut^.MiV a *(J*-aJLj Li^^ULal Jl o,":wl 4JLuL>. <jj
<J^>- j j^jilfl ^ya 3 V mjIjJI Li^jJo cjj^xc. jua ^^JL^ 4U t 1*nU 5 * Jill
Ijla J..tj» t^ljUb 4jl-«»L>. c-^ljSLII ^IdLj j jit *** jjbj tOwen ^Lup
Zj^jus Jjt ^ jj>y cW^' ^ rtj oi -life-inducing chemistry
*dL_5*U 4_o3lj_^ udjjJo j-j^JLl lr L^ofl ci*jL£ ^^lll 4jJL>JI lLLIj v ami**^
3LjkJI <j) t prebiological ^LpJ _ JJa UoLLj <jl Lu_^ ^Jbu
1 f <r> t t i <jL£ * ^ fj (i In Mt,r t J < n ^ ♦ (jjSLIl *l_3&jt ^j , 4 ^^lojVlj
:<2>jjJ1 ^jja c-oj^Jb ^jl jlj^s t^^jVl £jL>- 3Lp* jjj^-j 0^*1 ^-^j^ Ij-^Ua
D ; or JU^J j^jJI j t(jr itJ>il c^>-^' U£i! JLd iOiJj (jjj 4JaUi»y L»J
4J _ JjlHU 3 njrr < 11 4JjQjt ^j-^ <x5tJ^o 3j V <nt JLp-jJI Jill! Jl*j tciUjJj _
Jj^j .^pajVl £jL>. SLpJl AaUltl 4 <j rtl i^>< ^jX. LaLftJ 3 1 rt**nn fl 4_laaI
t^jVl ^ LiA 31 j>,U Igj^ CjtjU ^1 4 i cdij Jjfcx^i JJfcJ . L«U3 411*
jljuj tc jJ^' t> 3juLU1 ,7,11 4_j3 oljL> ^JJ! oS^Jl jjbj
cillj 4-^tjJ ^ tjL_u ^1 J^l t jjjJII ^1 SjjjJI >flL>. Aj^Jfet 4^i>Jl djjk
- u A < «k\ t^jSJl (jrLc ^JJloJI (Jf < ntl
<^aj <g^-«-Jl 1 fl intj <t3>*J 4_j_l^jS/I 3j , 1 , ni l j-LxoJ
t <JLuic^>L t ,A ^ JihJer^t P Y ) J^JIjrocks j^i^JI
jjjji ^ j i^^-A J *J~ ' "U ^ .erosion 4j^jl1!I CjLlUjlI 4 n \
j-jlillj *Luj^lJ^ 4jV>j £jL*jSU Ames j4>* cr* J*^ £d>^
L £y r ul\ >*>J! 4_i^ljjLJ ^Lfi ^jJI Jjj-^ll JuLoj 4j|jJfl 4j_ua 4_Uij3 V ^jJI)
J_3tJ (jrU <L« fll^JI 4_ti4jJl Sj-J-flJt no t(4 inrt \ ^J-uVI J^-*j ^ llJlj t^y^JjJJ
SLpJl 4^fl lL> j-$1o (^jJl 03jJI j^jusjj (^yjJIj t4Ju-u cl^J^-J ^ > Oj tjrJJ^-J ^ j A
JjJSj 4jU5LcJ CmL£ ^LjlLd ^lm\ i«t£j '+ mil j-JU>Jl Cj|j_Li_o)) t^^jVl
^ y in jj^JU dLfi o» t^LSLa Jj-oj . ^Jb ^XJ 3j_j_^ ^Uj! JLLLd^U jO0 a 4jJ
4^j^>J|j t*ift ^jja jjJs J^_>.^] Ij-Lau t4" ml> W (J>^ ^ ' j-^-^^' 'l^'
4 lLUj CjjL£ ^Ij-uuJ . ((^^jVl t-->S^ (jy lc L^j^LjJLo ^ j, j j Jit 4_uj VvrJI
j n*i nj ^4fl i^^jVl |«Jfc>- Jy» j/iCj jJl-ud! 4_*jt>- (jt * jjjuoU 4w**j j?
4jj V intl 4 n jUll c_uJ jj q] L yojJ\ OjL^ j^lll 4_a_Lvl JlJI 3jIj->JI jjLua-A
4-jlJu 4 n lUH L^^jil jiLulj .d^uiLja 4_j_udjS/I 3j uilill ClxS 2^>>jJlt
3 j-i* tl *Jo_u 4 m injVl 3 j m< Ml ^ jJal tsemi fluid 4iSL_iJI
jt o-cxaJI 1^ .^yJ L^l^L>.l flit JjVj LjLo.! 3,iM..a *LuS^iJ 4 iUm..ll
J^- 5 c^t o-a Luoj^-stj U-4 t 3 j i^jVt 3j mi iil t Sj^xl! j-LxUl <_>sj ^JJ t >L>^T
.4_ik. ^Ur> ai 3l_pJI j^rvj ( 1T )
J~±&i SLtstlJ ^fr^Lo ji^J jtJjJLl in ^JLl 4 *jj ill OjL^ * Jojj jl J^-uuJl ^
jl^jf jjjil jlxu, <j! jjuj ^^JtJl JUJI 4_ik. L^o
CjJIj La ttfl j oil j, V ilj jLLa_«l JjU a t 4_l^Li_uj 4jjL>» £>\-jla CjIj <Cj1j j tt ij
SLjv V I ^^1* jjuj fj jJI t-^SJI ^U„. ^^JLi 4t jUu L7 1>. 4-clLi LajIjT
l^U i jMLyi ^ aJ£L_ ^| jVl ^Jll ^ jl^.>S o^l .4-Ji
(jjt 1 j m r J*<aj ^yUlj * Valles Marineris (ji^jjlt iS^s* 1 O o ml canyons O^jJI 6-* ^ tx ' -
(oJIaJI jjA&fogj
M il (j-A I ->>>-j l?-^ 1 <j*i t **r^ c i>^ ^--LH-^ 3j j it < o
t 4 i <G? Iju La J ^SLJll ^LcaJI j .31 \ -sJI
Ij-o^ 3JL-1J ^^jJI jj^II r 11 ^jl ^Jl £_£jLs 4_^j-qJJ Lo-jJj-xjJ! Jj>s r, t<^\<
^jj-*JJ JjuaJal Lai ruK*t 1 J ^jl 4_oiJlj ^ISLo j-^jT' 1 "Jl>^ j * "0-9 *SLlj>JI ^j-a
t— al mi^*i 1 11V J 4 T- Mtj-ll »l j MiVl Jjiia-Sl jjl )) : (Jj-oj^ i^rL nil Oj>iJ ^ 1 rti 4_jJL>.
olj j jtl (^JLjwi £Lj9 Liiajf LT jfc ^^-11 j i^lj^j 4jV^_j 4 j 111 Bonneville
/J <M ilr .4-4jJL-oJI
^jKJLl jjfc I juk . Lr i^UI ^ i ^j,*v jj <jL^ ^jJI creek jj^jJI fjJa ^l 3 ■ a
e£>i^j ,«3LljhJI lijtj ^j^i 4_lS j-Ijsj <jj c-^tJ (^jdl
iSLj^tl! 4_j jLjl>3 ^JLfJ (jyJI ijcj^JL! in (jrlc- 3i j -r II <LqJj^LU ^-3 J^> In 1 1 Ojjiaj
£jL^- 3Li_j>JI ^jjo 4jj> ^ 7- o JoLul J J-^J j j ( ^ ^ d'^'V Cr*^ c-Jjl 7- "<llj
^-x2jj .(((LaIjJ jrj-=^ l^jlr riino) : ^ISLc t>"d>^ J>^?) «alien life 4 u>>jVl
^ I ^j-a t-JJLJI j-usj-a ^yS d JLA 4 j <>>jVl ^jl-J»- 3l_t_>J I ^1 r c_3^ji_jJI 4_i_iJa_4
.^^itjjJLl ^^-tiJI jJtj>Jl l^jlr (^jlstj ^ylll <JjVl Jj^. 4 mi^Luq
4_juj) 0->o t ^ W\ q dU ( 11 r 1 j mi f (jujjl mil ^yS «,j^jJj1 lm)> 4jjfc_^a
CjI j iiij3 (j^AJ tCjlj^j^JI ^ja globules CjLj^ w ^ 3j^Jt-uaj! ^j-TlaI _
t^jj 1 fitlSLil JlLo iSj^" ' *— J 'j- i Jj* 4-Jj "nfl (j-A-Jr, <.<i^Vlj ^j^j^SJI C iljli 4_lj Jula
4_ili_£ 4_jLXL) J->-Ij J-5ej <— iLjj^LII jJlA J ^ mm j »f\9 J "i j it U 3 1 t JLjJLj>J| j!
jIuj ^^paj VI (jyi-Cj t3j « mi ^psj-C (JT ic L^JLa I Ju^-J V . 3jJt- i^TI
^ j-> \ 3-^3) *^Lj^J^-JI ^— 'Lj^l^J CjIUj ^.1,1 ^yS ^ mj t*> ^yjJi CjLajlisJLl
^j^j^SJ I J \ t „< f ^Ij jLL 3jLlj-u (jrU J^>o 4_jJU^*jl oJub tjl < i j i Lil 4 j cilL)
i( I4JI < ;*i^ | I j j< oj ^ylJI ^jJL>Jl J|^i3 LliS^ 3jlj^ ^J-i J^JJ i cH s J^' 3 d ? Cr^"
gJ J*JI yjl*. SU? 'I
CujjSLj lJij^j i^ILo 4l \ in] {jAe. t ( _ 7 ifcj^_U ^^j—till j y -*\\ Jij-^ jj! jJI
oU^j^jjJl_j_£!I) PAHS ( U ) ^Ju CjLL)^. ^>C 4 a, V rt"U <3>LaJ1 (
4_pJ| oLaL£J! I^IZ U jj}\ 3 t (oUUll Sjujul (d^kjJt)
PAHs CjL1j3^>J1 (jLd t 4j9_Ua_*JI ji^i! ^j-c L$jj£j 4_aLi^VLj <4_ } _^jJj_u
(j? lj,g.<>> < jr i*j i uneven cjjLLLo ^jtj 4x.j^o cjL^SLII <Ji*1-i Sjjjw^II
iiron sulfide juju>J1 jllALojj iron oxide jujl>JI juujS] Lufcj <4j jULlUI
j * mi" in"! I $ a, \ V" 1 n*ij t4^jj ni a (JjLjljO rm*M Lj *^ jtt ^j-dJ
t j . .. \ << c-Jlalij .0°) metabolism L$jM rt " , 4w*^>Lo j *; <1 jLLi*
.CjLj^j^JI ( jJ^uJ 4_^aj^UI Liiij 3 u>i<i v J^t 4_j_j_j JLjJL>J| CjI, \ j rtl«nj
oLj£ rims <-al (j| 4jj_11( 4-jjj^^^iyi j^4>L>JLl cjj-^Io! *I>j^1 -
(^Ulj t3JLtj*j OVOids ((C->Lj) <>> n» j^jkj t 4 j ^^Jlj (jJL. ^jJL>o oLjjji^JI
.(jlajVl 3jjj>.jJLI 4_tL>JI 3 Jlj_>. j Lj^-jpSLJ! ^I^jI jJui-o! I ^ K mi LT a 4 t 1V1
^ 4^>J! ^Vl jJLud?
(_JaJ! p^jw oJL^A'j .microns oUj^SLdL L^oL«*! ^123 ( LuS^ j^lo
Uj^^J a LgJbO 3jLJ>-I^JI (jlsj-C jJoj ^ylll ((4jj g 71U Ljj "^j I I)) dJLA ^ ^ * *
Ijj j'^jti j t ir» . 3. V -w Ij 4jj ui t oj t i"< j-La^ ^ U t "< I JjU>.|j
4 i it <a V t ^yjftjjJLI ^J^^-jill ^_3t_>J! ^ dJ^xjJLl CjLj iXjjfl j-lSJj ^^fl *4_jjuajVl
l^jL£ . <CLlJjju l^joLfl ^jJt ^yStjjIt ^j-j-LJ! j^se-j>JI ^ SLtJ*.
^ l<j jlf j^i. JL3 <L)I J^-j-ll (jJJJ 4_j£)_u jLt^l ^ PAHs CjLjj^jJI
iel!LL4> SL_lj>. jj^wj (jLmajJ ^1 ijr c Ju (jl (jjj ^j-a iLjJajf l-^Ij-SjM »l <X nil
iA o a 2Ljjj CjLj^jj£L11 c j_<c JuJL>Jl ■ tj nl i «J (^) Cm <"»Jll (jjSu Lujj
(jjj CtJ ^3 4jjjJL> ( _ t jLj 4 nj n^ll Cj Lj_iia_uJ I (jlj t 1 ^1^1 J l-jj-u^j
<_yk; JjJjoJLJ . L^jI j jux ^ conclusive 4 nmU LuLL^^L.* jja ^\ V»
<{ LuiLj» 4JL£j (jt j3 I o <v >Ujj mii j -V Cjj^-fljjj ^LSLa jL_ua_o JjLs 4 I^jJw lj
uLfcjJl JUw 4_*j|j 4lc^>tj ^gJLJLo l^-^Ti ^1 JLfl i^jJw^l 4 jtl j_^lj_llj
L^jI j r Iju jjt>> / a l_juD^-ua_>-j _ Lgj j j^ii"ll , v j r 4jJ V] i3JL>>
^yk: >LJ^ Jl<u L^jl ^Jj u ^lV ri.i^ « spatial association 4j)-j->JI
La jiJj . Ijj_fl 4jI miVI ^k. ^jJ^iwVI ^1 gUTI IjUw U-4 .>L-Jj Jl^
:4LudIjj-x» <L_a1jJ 4o^.j ..ill, 4\j>.1 ,,ill jl JLC.J (Jj^v , I nl SJjJjJl \ 'jJt 4-r ir> (JJbo
gJsljJllj i(j>u*L>JLI jjj /•! ^0 j lr Jj t^t^_j_>. jj ^ <*ii ^ tUrt *q lj)ln tj Vl t-
gLajdl Jj^fl J^Utj 1 <i in 4^jjJLI 3Lp* .y^j ^L^V prosecution *L.jV|
^Ls^J uryuLUI (tLJjtJI ^1 ILaLu^Lj . L£U>! ^ SL^t llU3 ^
t<j^j .j ur y U^^' JJ J V* ^ (Jth?-*^*^ cryioljll (jJtJ L f jlr *4 imI . > 4)
^j-lu 1 * ' ^ S ' J <jJ ijl JUJLjxj JLJUj .^j.Uttj J_Jjl!Ij 4 rtU "U oU^^LlI
compelling iitl JJjlJI» Ji^a nU. "j-^a <±JLj jl j » ^ ^1 j , V 1 < n l l ijlr .
.^.'r.n ljLt-*^a 1 «U liLJa 4L dJi (^Jl 4-Jsi. ^ ^evidence
^LJuJI L^Mj ^1 j-^l^Ji j j iii rti JjL>J ^1 cjLj^-UI till: ajj^j
^SLlLc iV ^1 ^jjJLi 4.c>r^ 3Ll>. dJllA CjjI^ (jj Lo jj>S3 ju^-j • OJL>^^^
4_jr 1 .rnl ^jLi-alj^»j t4J-iSU tjri-*L>«JLl o^>i IjJjLjsj (jl o j nl^U L^j'
(jJJ 4 j m if L£ i JL>. (^1 *^o^l T LLjj-a tlilj jJUJ JlBj .(jrJJi* J-jus^
4 jM17.lt LI in rttl ^ (jn^jj 4jjVl (jj—ftjLlj tjjaJl ^ii-Uj'
U j^J" 1 L^i-*-*-^ ^-^J-^J-* 0^9 , L-ju-uj 4 i mi 4fl|jd ( _ :r A i i ^ 1 1 r, ^SL>Jlj JJjJL!
1 (jjlr L >i^Lc jrj-yiLstja ( _ J Ul JjJu-Jt * stipulations cjLLaljJljiVL)
tl^fll iVi£| r^^fcj 4^uLiU dlUt J^^U JL3 4Jjt£ <— >l J M..U.U
oUtv. o< 2LJLUI oljIaSJl jjl*^ (jl 1 ; « j <dJJjdj U_i_^ 1^ , »
.4_pJI lIjLIjISJI I^j ^3-^3 ^1 ailj CjLUfi.
L_J^ jJij I JlJI _ LaL*j 4_JLpJI 4_u-<aie_iiijlj _ p j ^ T 1 j ■ ^ t I
tji^ diUlj jj) "i ^ Jb ■ 4_3_s!j_x3 ^UJJ ^>£. V t_^jJI 0-t>^ JdJ-^
4 < n °\ <jr 3 Qj) ' "Ulj j_aL«jjjo (jyk- 4_ul 'ty\\ CjI n j n ^"11 ^j^- ^^JjVl 4jJLcL^ jj^j
iJ-pt^JLl JUtj-IcuJ baJU£. 4j| dU t T . 1^ 3j-^s ^ ^» :4j >Ljli i((4jujVl 4_4>Ll))
Lis
ij] 4 ii j ii v - 4«A^jlJ1 4 ^ijLc-ll ^ - ^^Jil t.j 4J&J i JjJl! ^ya La ^LSLo
jj* mint tl IjLA (jj La ^^lil jl * MjJlj Ijj mkTi J!Uj La ^^1^ I j a am ^jj j^jsJI
.jLSJI J*jJt ^ j jVvtl JjL5^j ^ iL^JI J-*ojj ^IJI jjLiUI cjLu^
^d" n J£ £_« JL>Jt U^) j-h^I cJJjll j^j tZare jlj jjLAljj Jjiu
4l *y a ^Ji jj) miiU (4_JJ^— *JI pl—Jl j! — Z u-flj ^tL> ^oAjl <i ml
<Lii (jrUljL 1 n 11 t La Lot i^LuioVl f^yok^.^ ^3 (jjAjL *l olttl :« < jjijjL-u»
JJUw *.j-Lj-A SjLcUa fLuV 4^wL>Jl j-cju LiiJjJj j M.Vl l*L!j SLatjua CjLjJ
^j-xj «t» ( _ T >aL»JLt ->j->-J (jVI iP^J' A ( tj . jtj^sLj LgZoj_ft~ua JjIj-jj i*L£,jVI (^yi^
4 tnn < tl 4 -y mi ^ 1 ,< »ij (jt J * " 1 1 £yaj 4 . j_j^JU Ja-^JLj O-jI JLa 3j V mtl
t(T) 4Un <tL ^U a j <.\i «Vm$ ^^s^jtjj L^jf ^\ t(Y) |CJ3j
(jLi 3l_i^JI Jj_>.j ^^JL. Jj-l-i ^jJL. Jji-aJL (j;jIL>ij Sjit-uaJt (jt (^yi^ (_>^jj
^ jlj, <m miVI ,1 j nil ^yA <j] jjljj !vLa tjj nttl iM Mill JjJU>. ^UV n Uj
4-Lxllll tjlj j^j^u JSLj ^1 r nj mi «(^» ^^L^JLl ^jUs iJjJLLnj . 4_a^UkII J I ^^"ml
L>' J^' t>° *5 \ in nit CrUX 4 g miL>JI 4 Urtill (jic (i)
^j^Lgj _ 3l_i_>Jl J J->-J »lJ*i" miL . CiVLtu^VI ^<i>. ^jt jl gin I 4 jlr '^"j
t j£LaI IjLs S4jjiVl t>a 4jjA£L> Ja-S-a ^1 *«t» ^LjJLI 4 jlr j mj L*^ u'ln.tl
u \c \ j*; A mi rt"t tiJLlA a4_1jSM ^ 4j^_1£1j ^Pdj-jlj jt «(^» Cy xLrt.,.,oU
diJLA ^jj)^") 1 11 ^ i4_L JuJI CjIj j 1 fin" 1 1 ^-j.^^ VI o**i,^l 3L^>Jl Jjj>-j
Ijl jt n Lr I^ie_jJ (jf JjJjJI 4-cliajLiJiL - L»L*J 4-Cj^-« Oe-Ju
. Jj^aJLI <M Mill jjjl>- J^ia
■
Lu J£ ^ i-^j iOLuVI 4&LUI 4 h^MI o jla ^ ^1 L>L£
J^ojj (j^Uj (^lll cAloljJjiVI tilt* j-^IjJJj » 4 i « n i j l$l ->JJ j {j 4i j n t <jt
jlLJj 4 ^Ai ^^Jl 4 ,U StI ^ 4 jlr. jJLc ^j-u >«- tiJLiA J
* > \\T ^ Lc <yaj i cataloguers : - — - &a ALH 84001 ^Vl 4 jlr
impact LajLuau <jf ^l*m ml cdJj iijj . <?lALo £>t jjJjo (jj^
m 4j!j i^Jj-LI j-^e->JI t JUk Jl i^i n't! i.i ini oj^i LV* ^ ^ ^
u-£lj^Jl jrJ_J dl ua *aJI SjljJL_c CjIjJujJ jjJl-_j Jlo ^jl J — «_> 4jI — gjJ! ^
♦ interplanetary space
l^V 4 ^ tn in j^oj—iu (.ii >o ' t » <4_jI_L*j ^^j-j ill j— 3c_j>JI _ Y
J>L>. 4 njtl £ya <±j$Jj ^ ^jCu pi 4±xlj <jt j^UsJl <>aj
Lol . u i J .il>JI ^ LaI tin «t ^pJI Soil ^^Aj t L-u^-Sj 4_Ii^ lJJI ) V •
Qj " ntlj cr^- ^ c^J-Jt OjSjJI 4__iJ3 Lc_> i j^ustJU ^1 t rtll j^a-jJI
^JfcJ i \ a- XI ^SLII £j-u g.1 1^1 nit LdbLuajS ^lli j-jJx^Lj j irt^Vt 4 j '/ fljJ I
. 4 *f mi ^j^^Li i ,
CaJjSj m£JlJ1 d^jll J)j 3Jl1I JLjjLStlJI j*^- cV* (*A>M LJ^J .CjLj^j^JI
jruMj T , jJLu Lfc^c (jt (^JJ j j iVi 4jjVl ^Aaj tjUs iCjLi^jJLl 6 JLA 4_^
4JjL^ tSjjJLucJI *LuiVl oJJt LUi\S <j\ La J^j* JjUfcil SjIjI LLlaaJI jA^I Lai
CjLljVI ^c^iX. JLZu_ujj . 3Lj_j>JI JuJb ^L^-jJi ^ i *^ j » iCxjl^ La
(j^a i fossils j j^l ^.1 VJ Cy A La CjLj i^j iti J\ L ^£. tjjj£}j ^JlII LiljJj! ^^Jil
t(j^ fll" V *a (^rA-C (jja 4 j ( » jUlliua (j^Litja A^LuaVLi tPAHs ^ o ( ^aj
(jja CjLj^JLI aJJb ^jLjaA (jl ^cj t^-l^J * JbJL>Jl CjLv j <\\ i JuJu>J1 , t j < a\S]
L^j! 4 rt j S > *4_lj>JI CjLuISJI -5>^>J jl ^ Mil («VI ^j-a LAj j ( « (i"t ^jSLall
, <Jj) g mi! I jla J!Uj j ( (ii ^jSLtu V i I <g mi rt > (jLLUI ^ » j <* > j
£jjAJ1 t^lc 6Lt9 <*|,TUJ|
4Jbji_Jl olj j t ,i h "itl ^Ajwj ^jlSwflj Jj_jv jji jJI Jjl^JUs lOUjJj
i^rt'il Ju9 ojJ^jus (j\ LlliL I Ju3 mK ^j-ujjjJIj « L_uU» 4jL^j C-ulS llil
< t rlUt i LbwiJ 4_uj^JiijV! jJbL>JU i^j-^l ^1 Jjt " i <t\ (jJJ <j^a m£>J <j\ l>' 3 >*-^ '
.J i>iM jLjJ^I ^jJl! jJalj-Iu I a-ilr LS-^-V Jl ^Juo 1 nlr 1
(J^-jj 4 (J^j ^—^ nl'vj i( Y * ) ^Lfc j-ja £jq < ^ i i*k I iiT ^ t< M"t V a ^ — 1
f.\ fj] i( J_iJJl < runt J^». myths cjLsIj^JIj ^-tLU«V! ^J^lll
* t j-j-bJI £^ ijr u^M V UoLoj 4_LaL>- i^^Dj^M Jj->- JJJLJ L$jL£ JJLp (^ylll
1 j-' Lg-*-sl^*j cJai-l^l ^pJI i fixed stars 4JL>UJ1 7 T 1 3j <j ^ > urtj
Us ^jLcj-i ii 4 JU L^jl-£j g. I <j mil J JL_i3 LoJU£. 1 i f r> « t ^^^Jl 4 i i (i iTU
starry 4 u >:„; 11 ^IjjVI cyu 4-#jLj ^.1 . <■ -w? 4_tn <i ^ -^j^i ^jj-JaljJU tln^V
4_ijL)j__JL) (jpJuuj planets 5jl j ^ju^ e*jL_£ .constellations
^jfcjJI ^1 4 t t m (TL 1 ^ t -Mj^a j j t*> i wanderers w^j-j^jL^JW jl ^qj^j-^
^^i^j *( Y> ) zodiac ^jj^jJI 2»jj|j ^Ij-j? Cx^ U j j 2L^j*stJL<s o « n ,o 3jj trk>
4JLJ ^1 ^jJa <LlL^>.!vL-4 i^jv (j! jj-^o juil <:cLl_u ^lu ^ ill <?jui> ^jf
^ 4U *i j ^jL^ (^jJI ^.j-fttlJLi j-uajJLl ^jJLl ^j^. 1 1 \ t *< j a cila_L_> lL!j ^"u jjfcj
4,11^1 3jl n ,.H t_^lj£lil jrij ^ .(j-u ^ Miti J^>- t-^SJI I jl^J orbital
t*^J O^J^' Cr^! L^J>-^5 er* 3>A»3J I i3j j^>JLl jryt!Lj W^dSL) O^*^ er*^
(jiio miTI ^j^o 1 j > mi 4_u^-3 L«j^ tji^j SjJbjJI ^jl jLjlIcIj tj^J *3lLH p W
ejjJLj^ LsLljvI jd!>-^ l3j-^±3 .J^Vl ^J>J flk 41joL£ Sjjoj
ij > <t <\ <nl l <3jL>— £7-* ^ il_4J^— Sj ^L_aj eiUj JUtJ ^j£L!j loJI
4__l-oL>J1 dJUfc (jic 4Jlj_^o £)L£ jJl_u i Lajj-Sj J-tUI J I jJo o < n t| iJ S ^fi jjj
4-C J— 4_uJ 0jl JUJ ^ LiJj--r 7(J ^ylJl (j^SjVl I <t ill i^J-StUl 4 J r MftLi 4Jlj_>o
i<U ^jUin u i^i^l ^ <G1 <iu^5&j t j-^-^Vi L r S^l\ overtake jjL*"1j <>-^
Lo^ t^jseJLJLj 4_t_i^>j_H 4_i_aL>Jl (^it ( rtl^tl ^1 udj-stlj 4jL£j ££>^
backdrop 4^1^ 3jl"u„ ^^Li 4^.^ 4 nlUiU 3jLu_JI ^ cJuL^Jl Sjl^cI jjuj
< Retrograde 4-j * > I j-H I 4^jj>JI ^jla ^ j^mi? 3jlc jlajj . jluu j k < I
J^! 4__o_jjJca_5 jjSJ t L^jI a LSj_L-u (J^-jj (Sj " (■£ ^ '^Lh*^
^1 JLJLlj t 4jLaj. t^-t ) j j nil tjSUj ^ (^jlJI sHj^' ^1 u^i Hub
j^Jl 4JI iNegral Jlj-^i Jl«u Mars ^JLl jL-^ ^ Bj^JI
Ares ^j-ijjjl ^jjo t ^u^?l Ir >Uj ( < t \ Jj juG ^Ij^b I j n i4_tijL_J!
c ya) ^1 ^ \ « u\ V "* ta a Jijj V (^JlII ^<uaai^!! j-Aj t ( vi: ) Mars ^jL^j
4jj)jJol ciaj in ^ lr. 4\ L-oJf ^ ^ \ *Z\ JLjuj jt^oVI
4 jl r tjL£ I^jIj * elliptical u JSLd 4J ( jy U ,»
JjIjI ^ <-Ti< ^jJI t Gulliver's Travels «^jLjJLv cj}U*j» (J^ojlU ^
dUi JUuj i JJ>^ chl>*^ -^^J tlxij^u (jljLjj^ J^*j l j-^ul ^UHI (j^SJI
i A us ^jj^*^ JjlaHj ( Ml" <u jtJ>M (jl Q j) j^lnt i <■ rt mu . £ I i(jL«jJI <jjo U>2j
^ j * u V i<j\j-S '"^ ft Jl9^ I— *( Yo ) Deimos (j^^oj-ij Phobos (j-^j-^
jjfcj t Lowe 11 JjjJ Jl n j mi^j ^Ua ij..,iM r j^LlJl u>-^ ijL^j J>L*j
Juuaj^a ^LLu t^jlrn n^J 4JjjL_A ^ft_<-uJ i 1 jl«JI oL-S-AaJI ^j-a o fr^J
Jajl j-JkJI Jj^J ^j—^u _ canali ^1 i-JUajVLj 1 4 jlr JiW _ £j>U
Jj^J ^ili? * \ A\0 ^1 C; jys ljl j "« f,l J . 4 — j — SteJjJll «oljj_Ht» ol It
Lo^ t J J V l—l^LuLj 4jjJjSLa 4_g_UL-Ju (_ r" ^ .1-rO ^ULt (^jl^ 4jL>.I "cm i.uI
<_i jIjlH J2U oljJLoJI Jjjjla ^ J^LLI! f&S^ 1jj>JLc ^l^jLli
tiUj/V 4-l,. ;1L J^Vl t4jj t a jjljj Jj^J ol t^>Lc dJL^ t( jLo3JI
4_jJ^J (j-^j^ mi 1 1 1 ^LdjJI j utJjlII 4_cjJj ^L«L^ »l in nl < nl lj>-*J (j— j jJI
c-jul^ t^A^A ^Lc ♦ 4_j>ol_£ 4_LaLk. ^ir 2L*llai( ^-jJI jru lLsjU-^
<— ijj>- ( l6L>^' (j^i t Jl JLl>JI jn cr^J^ CH ^^^'j «( YV ^
jj^wj L^-t^ J-tieljj *Lk>^ L^l ' "1 'War of the Worlds ^J!^*JI
' ^ « t ^ajVl j^j-Ju (jj-^j-AJ (jjjJI jj^JLl ^jl^Lt-g ^j^a Lp^^aJj) n *i a n U
t^JJj J*-»JJ * 4 j— >J1 J» rtj 4jL$1II qjK l^j (jJjJlj il-AJ>jij-^a
j^j^lU! ^ _ Halloween c% mj.i nil juuc 4i_J ^ juju^iILj ,4J^ (^^jljjL
Mercury theater ^-p-j-cJLl cijj^H-* ^j-^ c^clli! - \ \XA ^Lc >j>^5 Cy*
^uJ-aJJ edj-JJ (jJ (Jj^-ljusjI MJI Stj-iJI 4lj j^l ^jf Jl o 4_>-jJ L^j>.j
.(Jj>J j^pa j_4 jiVb) oases kjlxtj Aj?
J-ljjj (jf 1 3 <i j i Mariner jJjjLj jljio 4_ui ir>*^ cjLa£j_a j-jj! jjjJLI
LT JLl JuVl (jr Jj jJjjLo 4_jJ^jJLI O-uaJSj *lP*J^^ LT^i ^"tH 3 I >^J-^ IjJ-^
j^l^iLi 1 ^ " $y Ij^jj ♦ jjjJLl LT Lc <Ll£1> 3Lj_>- (^JLl Jjlj cjLj^Lc ->>^>-j
oL-j-a -Ij-J^J I i r>jl CjjIjjj t Jj^J CjIjJS < " > " 1 tL-t£jSLIl ( _ 3 JLl *.1.>j-^>Jl
^Ls. ^ Viking gJ&jLa 4 <i a* juu Luoj < ^ V t tiL!^ L^j-^-j
L*jj idLtrtH ^Ljljqj i(_flL>. iSjij^jJl (j-ujl^ £J>^ ijj-^ Lj-aLoI j ^oJ i ^ ^Yl
.3l_pti] j^LkJl ^jjIHI JI^Ld J-aVl (^liij Jj nUifo SLpJI ^
j j , «i <^JI ALH 84001 e.it^t o^j^i j^-^l <f bVt jl^.!
^ylllj i4_L_u jro^L) i , Lbj o r jJLj ^yjJl 3j V irttl o jufc cjj! jlJLs iV ^1
^^yjjl jLlj>.V| ^jjj! (j^uLujj <jjL2jj .dLj-stU 4-jj|j^a Lflj^Jd j fltVt ((jjuojVt
djuk LLj_s U Ti <jl IjjjI I jLfl . <( (j 1 SLpJL) Lj^-jSLflj 4_ajjJo ^ j ( <>
. ^JL*J! cLstjl ^-U>
Kj "i^jLij! SjLl) Allan Hills JJjj* jVT 4JiiaJLa ^
^jjSa ^>J^L) i , julj 4_uj^L>JI 4 j j UMi
*(_p=>jVl L^laj) i (i (jjs 4JLmj cJd! ^Tj SjJt— la]!
{jjAa Jfl! ♦ tfj^l 4_^>_^J1 <>• ^vvi
«^*al*iJ 4 uUjJI 4 i (i r iij^U ^jLoJI 4_uj_L>J1 4 j ,UMI
4jUI <ys jl^xI^ ^ juJu V ^jdl gJLJtl Ijufcj
c_jL>J jj^II ^yjl 4_ul in'"! 4__i£j^o JL_ujj 4 <iK"i -jjz
Qrt* \ ,\ jjaTi] j j r *_ciiJ ^jl 1 1 ijlc (j*UL*tj^ jJj t Luulju^j 4jI
t-xacj Lu! - ^ i 4 j fllr LLlI^. J$-ju
; mi <jl 1 f ? C«j (^jJl La 4 tri-w^Ld 1 <>>jl j^JlIu <jf
4jai mh^I L* luloI <j! » . 43i t <^>ll (jiaitjftj 4_lLt
^JLA us I 4J£, < L >ir m V (^jjl ^ Mill j-A
t_J^£ cAl) ^W^i^Oj^ ^JLc j j i t"i 4_2j^L
.dj-ALtJl ojla ^ Kolb
((jieJjJU jj«JI < rtiVf^l *l >^>Jt (^U^-LJI <jl (jJJ t jJ^HJ
5 tj ^ , „ * jl_Ju>JI Cy lc Sjjj^jAI 4-a£) jfl< jLatj^Vl u \c j-j»_1JI (^-cj iNj ^
Lo La? 5 a \L^tl ^jrt^ «n 4 jic jILc JU& 4jl J ^j! jLSLIL) 1 ' «C ^> 4j|j3 *4 < tk)
tJjL-aJL jjjJU tlv* ^ * v t " t L> < _ 7 £^_llII j^ac->JI IjLA £j\ ^j-jj m a <jL£
J$t 4jt tdJi Cr Juuj iALH 84001 ^gltll ^uVI SjJtjuaJI ojla J^^oj *<>»jVl
1 ^ jlr jLscjvVI lIUj (j-u 4 lj t n1 t£>*J t^-^hH J^*^*
ojjj-^ Ajd?*^ . ^Ai ^UJt J}Lx K.r^jUjt ^ jJLa <jVT 2ULaJLo
i4_oc olnni>VI jl^jj ( Y )^UiVI djLi£V1 ^aLl^ 4JjL^L ^UUU
4 J -"teJ^JLl >■ m 11 j*Ju3i 4 j MiLmVl (3-jLS^>JI (J-AAJ ^TJ iii^J
sljjj ml ^jlII stipulation procedure £J\ *l >->-iLJ LJLsjj . Ijjjj— m
J>j p JUlJI 1 1 i n « ^ J <*l»Jl Q^->aL>i.U ^ya ^1 t V *il,l I n rijj^l
HjU! 4mJI «u ji :ALH 84001 jft*Jt
4J^ i » >^ tL^ 1 ALH 84001 ^j^uJI j^>Jt
dJLA ^lijLjO Q^uj^ *^tLiJJ CtAi rfij CjJj^j ^^IlII 4ojL^j-JI 3jLU ^j-fl JUl^Ji-lj
^yjl^Ltlj i» jaj^ jJtj t orthopyoxene ^y^j-ujjjjVl ^ SLuL^j^JI 7>j V mli
4^i£j,u.l I CjLajl m"tl l_Jj^ 3j> ioII JU^ ^j^JLLj ^-LaJjl ^ i n^. ^Juuo i^jVt
t^l i4luu (JTJjMj J^JJ ♦ t JJL« L^JjLo qj* f.jj>- j&lo ^jl U-« ti>aj^>JLl
ojJr in!! Jj-a5 ^yJJ jjvI ^1, llrt ml t(jV! q-a L&jszli cj( AIlm qj-Aa ) Jj^
jjjtm i ntl jJJ^J 4xidu (j^La j <«h<i dJJk pint a t**nn A (jl Jjuj *^jjJLI
^yjjaS\ iS3- LM (J-^4J ^ Lr^J cJlI I ^ V u^>jS/Lt mil <"i nU*^jl
C-u^j JlLo V ***** / ^ (jja J^Ij t^l m Ml ^ 3^, V mil 4jLSj ml ^jJI tj-*}^!
.Sjjjlil ^*>JI fjja ^J>^' *!>* Jj^ 3j V mil
jJL^ <^jSm yJLc . h Arsi Sj^ya j^JLJlj^jLi ALH 84001 >~>JI JL* *
.CjIjlJjLj 4— J-C 'M—Lia 4__>jj JL-_j^j l_q-Ju-> t Cjl — lo^j V tOl — £*—ut 5-^-1 dJj-la
S^JJI j *L^ill >^ ALH 84001 ^S>-uJI >^>J1 jJ 2U1UJL1
£>JjJI tlllJj! ^1 4 j M i 'rt b 1 ting JJL-U JUJ J£ J^J^i
^1 5 ^ " iiTI j ^0 mi 11 «bljJ J cA^I J-"**' 4-j >*" ' m l m;jJI
.Cosmic rays SLj^JI 4_i^,V! ^ <t . n1
(3ila3j ^ j y'tW j y (i n 1 <i,lir t mi m i4_ij^JI 4_*_iiVl CjLjj)^ (j)
. » j i M i <Lcj-i_o 4x-jm-uj I ^ tj ciJj h-*m t^jjjl^tl CjIj idjUj^pSLIlj
Lol i L^jI jjjIj ^jja ^^y^jtx j-lc. ^ i i\y [ C,\ i_k Jlojj c. Lua-dJI 4jjjSL]| 4ju!uV| JlV*nj
JlLa j^j_^JI i— ^MJlJI ^j-* 4 a. U « Lojj t^LiJaJa i,t\ 4_uJL*JU jJL>Jl 4 U i nl^j
O-fi 4jU^ >3jJ £J>aU (J^jJI ^jj>JI l^MjlII (^I^J . Lli%^ < rtlij m£jJI <-£jUj
o! *2LujSJI
^uo[ (jji bombardment cJu^d! ! jjt lpJjj *4_u^iil 3 t-JuVl ^ ( T )LaLL^
4jL_cu^ o^-CJ C^jLj JjUl*j p mi ->JI LiJJ j ^ 4jjJJI 4j^jV1 ^ SjUJux £j ^jl
^jjl 4_j^jV| oJufc 4j (JLst^j) Ja- o liVt ^JlI! JjlUI Ljusj? LaiT (SJLjJl^
Cx^IjI (Jlja JLuoj iL^I^JI (jrij ^1 nil j—lC Lfl p mi LgJ^Li- J-1I3 ^pJl 3jlM
ALH 84001 (^Sj^alll j-^>J! lj^JU^I Ijla j j^t .cJi^J cjIju
i4_j_itJ^JLI oj V intl ciLLb 4-La_jjjJLl 4_u_ajJI CjIjJLo]! Jj-La! ^jjj IjL*
^1 4j^jV| j!ju=.1 ^-uLi^ <>im L ^tl\ (radiometric dating t.^VI
djL^ 4 nU " U Jj ^La-lJi ^ Jijj! ^ U".\ ^jl Jj-^j .ALH 84001 t'A\
Laj i4j^_uJi jLsc^vVl Cjj! (jjl ^ ;JlLo i^^uSUI LLua2J! 4_<j(|jj Lulc t4 HfuTl
q\£> I jLl 5Jj ^ r in ^jLjj <j1 1 ( W <yj i I JL_J_>. djSt-LMJJi J_B 4_5_uo_j>J1 tfjufc jl
( jy l£. t3 j£-nl\ oJJt> j^ox^jj (jr jUDl_l,l ^JS JLO- (a ^yUtJ <J Jt" <Tn (jJ jJ! JL>-jJ|
. »l o < nil qj& ("iU j & jL*j>.) Sjujlj (jl jlL <LoLaJ! cjLI£L>JI
LaJut£. ijiJO- 3 J-ijiS ; Juo^l Jj^Jo <;LiiJ j j^v rTi 1 1 4 <n, \ nil JjjJoJI p < uTi
Sjij^wjJLl 4_jj^JLll jj-ir irtll ^j-^*; <j>£ <jr^ UL^ '-"J OJrHJjJ^ ^ flUH I JU
*4_cu_aL>. S_}La ^ U,^* COSITIOS ^^SLll ^UaJJl <jL U U ni^aJI nU jj-uljJI
LULc <jj£j (jJI 4jujV| j-usLuJI 4_lK (JiilitS (quintessence j!
J_y3 mixtures <L>.J^al jl t jj_st-ua ^ 4jj£L<j <Ua1 o mil jl^JLl £^>-^
*u£jJIi ^aL^VLj jajr.<olL>
* S 1 flk^^Lj <jl ^jjj (j-a pi o nitl {jja jLaeJw^/l lillj iUn t <n (
^psjVl £jL^>* (j^a >l — Q 1 4 l ^ Jj! Halley juj_^oI (jL£
Jl»j_<jj1 (jt ^i-j e^-J - <j£^jJLlt jLtjv^l ^u-J l^jlr (jjilaj L=r lll ^1 rd^>U
^Ua Juia t 4j_ < _o VI (_^3jV1 Qja I j j mi L-JJ^-S <— ujJl Ij J /ys ^"j ^
l^i^ Mi » shooting stars < ^o.ll 3^j^jtJLI ciJjLuJI cjIjlaI <U J-iL^Ij
oJ-A /ysj . I j "I >/i l ^j-a 4^ ^-aH-a (jisLuo Lt j^ (j j V <t j_u£ !
(j^o 4 t m n\ C^jJI ^ ^jJ ^1 ;4_tial LlJjLtlJ! (jl (^Jl 4jLjL_u^. OjL^I
JLtxJ? SjLC I jVjdj tl)' CH 3 t jLj-^^/l CjIj miT 1^ irit; c jX. JLJLjU J^layO
(jl I u<\ ^ 4ijL^JI diLij M.tl ^jufc C-uL^ i^Lb ^1 4 mwlLj . 4_JLUI ^
L:r 3 «Cj|jjU (^LojVI £_a_je_jJI (jja c_jj-_jud J t rt ») C^K mi"i Lqjj ^L_<_u_^Vl lLLIj
O-* ^LgJ ^-al J^-l C^-J *LK=J^' J^aJ ^jL>- (jlsLuo
j_*iL-A Jj-I^ >^I>j (jA^ J-*-^" 4 " m XjJa lj jl^I jus 6 L<j1*JI
L y^l V M i^/l (j>a CjLjl^o J-^aJ J n i (WV J-jJ^O-J (j^o ,jjj hi tH j ^
t^jJtJI vy^ 1 u3 Agen SjlL ( *ya 4_j^_d-4 ur Lc j ^ (Q Mif| ( j^Q 4 mi^JUo Cj^LiIj
(3^mi ^ JSLAJI 4_jj^c jj-st-juo j-j-c (5^_(iLj_^o dU j . L^j— oJ
*1^-<k Jj-j?c_^4 L$j| j^JUl wL o mi l <"« Un m (j^JI jjjr iMLj 4 n W "U n "II
j^aj iStiitz j3jluiu ^j-oLj ju 1 (jjjiJI 1 1 ^ i <i^t\ 4 } r ii II ^^aj ,dijji>JI ->.l<.n ^
0jLA JjJa j j*i * i tjl Jji*JLl fj^a iljuk IjjLaj £jr ^» i4j| tj iUTI jjjLllLi ^JLc
I juljls tJU. ij\ .«cjjju>J! 4jUTia-* 4_l^I jJkJI cjLlSL>Jt
Oj_uaJl ^ix. ^j-u-ojJ—cj L-flj^. t..a ^^Ljj-_j_a j-^j tChlandi ^ju^L^ Cj-txujl j ■^*»
jut j t 4^3_LlII jLt^Vlj i ^ m.IIj 4 £U"U jjjLUJI ^ cjLU 41jI-kj t acoustics
IjI mi . ..I cJaV jJa ^juM^ cjLiLi^ tjl ^uLj er^-J * juju>JLj 4 u *\\ 4_^3_tll!
. 4_j^^_uJ! jL?t^^| Jo-at (jja (^It3.LJI {j^i 4olaf ^^j-u j_L2j L$jt VI tLuiaj^a
Lj j Tiioa * <LjSLj^woVI jlLL>oI j-u ^-j.U i nil jJLj (—jL^jIi ^ * \ A * V ^ j < > nj j
<j\ ojlj i ii jrysLJu _ (J-u 4_t_<:L>. ^L_a_tSJI jl " < nt .Sj j(j mil Yale
jljJLI ^ ^Kingsley ^J-?bJll^ _ 4_J£JI 4 > "5^.d clry>b <Silliman
j^jGj * Loj-Sj jJL (J^-j jijj C^! La^^-^-I Ojj lt^^J iLAjlJ ("rU^to L? HJI
jjj^laj JjL>- ij^y^ui^-A^/l (j^i-UjJI i.tis\)a IjU ^JjlII t Us jLx-^ I ^Jacf Jlt^ 1
of^ouVl tj-d)) 4jI jjjJcu (J^L>. ^j^a jJL^-A lIIjJj-jjj 3
fil o i »ll ^j^a CiVy \ fts
Jj in"n ^j^-aj-ij t 3 j—lT l^ VLj_>iI j-iw^/l £j£. ^-AJu>.| „ \ % n j^_3Ju>. Qj j ^Ij^
l^jQjLarlM)! jlj3j t^Vl 4 nh.-itx Lljj jux. cdjLtill trajectories cjIj!
j ^h"t <^JjLjJI t_*Ltt (jl jL^l=>)? triangulation CjLjJlU ^_>1 > .1 ^ ^Lu ^1 \ nil
djuk ^jj-_tj JuL^j .^p^jVI (Jj-Sa Jl j a^/l d)lj if. r juxAj 4_al ■ >. o ^ lr
(JLj_>a! ^Lijjl ^^1^ JlaLJuJ L pZl\ ^1 1 11 >^l jnij (jl ^"1 " <" < ill trt] t4ia^_5tL«
j ^1 ^P^j^l U ( n ^1 V^-i-sdj 4lal£u m^^_j>JI c^^LJtJI j 1 r Cj^o jlb 3juj r
^ <4j i m\j^J1 L'Aigle J^-jJ 4JjJuo u_ ^jL^ cjju>. jJaj , «H Vji^
g-1 o t a < In < nj jJoLoj (jJj^jj j jfc a Jlx£. t *t A * V Jjjjt ^jjj in ttlj ^jLuJl
4_jjjL>. cdjL-iill LaVT I j ^ Loiit^aj 4_fLalc CjIjI *t <*nl LjJU*_d t4 i-o
daLi_uj! <iv C-tJ_>Jt ljufc 4^9^jjJtl j-ijl n"iTl jl mi'mI . Joj n intl
tj^j-iljJLl jjjLSj o * : >La jua Lu»^ Leonid meteor shower ^J^Ul
dJjLJJI ^ tilUJI frUlc ^Jol La ^Lc t *ljLtjVl ^ ju)JL1 *t>^!
j-IL^I Cj^_jI a ,.V ^ Cj Ij-Lt-uJ I (j«n an jj ( ^j-xs ^uL^Jl (jr"^~ { ' ' " ^ > J3~ Su ^i JJ ^ ^
Ij u< ljjL£. <jV t miu LiljLuJLa . Ljj) ( i ii 4_i£^_uJl oM-sloJ! tlijJo- jlj^J t- m mi
3jl j mMI liJjLjjLli p_<-ul LjJL>- ^LduJI 1 fljl** jjjllaj ^lll tSj j ♦ i^tW f.\ i ii .-vVi
^ja^U 4jjJ-^ *L 4 i^Lv oljl mi a ^ (j.o.q mlH j aju .metcoroids
jl j <it uLlj—u ^ n~\\ <j\ Ijlj . 3jl j / ■■ tl i^ljLjUl ^ swarms («-j\j-ut)y>
LiLJI j^JI n,U» jl^Jl ^Uil ^LL^j^l ^jj^ .a^Liit
! j^J ram force 4 ,..^l£LH JjuLj 3^iin!<i i4_xiLal ^.c-^d ^h<ij tjL
^1 c-cjtjj -Lij^' j-iut 4^1 Jul
(SjLlj-uJI (jJjL-lJl Lo I . 4__jjLjJI {jr £i <( i ]n n » (JLysl 4juJ^j ^_Li3 CjLc^-mu ^j-j>^I
i^SLstJiil 4 ol^'iL Sjjj-^J j-Ul (jr^^ > J till J j-^i CjLcj i »i i J*i" m (^-^
4_pj_UaJI 4lnn if! 4jjj Lur< 4J U JuL^j .^Ljl^JJI 4^.jjJ J-i^ mi" 3 cdJjJ
j-o * meteor cLT*>_u shooting star t-jL^l ^1 1 ^ jl r jiU'i ^1 tSj^-seJllt
4JLJ ^Js jufcLij ^1 < t ,0 m.Hj . LK j! Luj^. Lsl tJ lj ,„1I jJj^iJi >-^u
La-^L->- JUjj ^? ^1 ( <ty \ Sjl > c 4Jj JlqJJ 5Li£.Lit-a]l t ! j) <^>^1 ^jx. Ijuaj 4-lsLlo
(j^j iJl—i-^Vt ^ CjIj mi r ^ irn ^L^ajjl ^^ic 4 pebble BLua^ ^ylc
DJLA J— -v 1 jl JUo (jIojVl j j„„*j LaJir (4JU>JI aJLA ,3jL_j_uJI dJjl j <tl
ex. jJ-c-U ^LlU! Jjl nil 3jL&l, uua <L-u3j^5 LtJ ^Lu i4J_i_u J£ CjI^JLI ^yj j^ljSLI!
Cr juajsf jJLu ^ylll j <0)Quadrantids cjIm n^JI J!La t 4_^LS- 4_jf>J_u cj^LI^j
tjjnUtMf I ^ Y Lfcljua jJLjj t ( v )Perseids ^jLu^aJlj i^LJu V ^jj 1^1 ^juq
^ j. mi r J>^ Lkl j_« cr u-^i j_Lj (^Ul j i( A )Leonids cjIj.j ...Vl j
oJLA ^jl JJUj ^,1]! 4j^1 q ( nil ^I^jVI ^1 t_)!j^^M aj-A »Lo < nl j j mmj , j mi °i
J_>- 1 £-0 O^J^^ C< tlolJLj jl j-aj! ijjj , 3jl j ,i nit ciJjLjJLlI ^j-ut ^yJj 4 j mrtlj
(JjIjJI Qj)^ J ' " *^ i^jLj Mill dJjLuJL) i4_j^L_>. 4 <i ir>j *4 j'rf 4tmn 1
. ) AVV ^Ix. , Vj f o^?l J-c CJJL>- L*^ tjuuCiJ IjLlJui JjUl (^y^-uJl
cl^JI 3 1 '"'**' (j?J' tjt 4 K <i ,\ — 4jjLl Sjjjuaj LtlsLji LjI^-Jo (jl
_ < ( \n' c \ J^lj^ (jr^ tiLuLud) ^jmjJlI jlj ^jL^ I JLj-uJ (jlj * SjUoU
iCjj^_3 t_jJ^j>Jl 4 j JiLa p , a >J| IjLA jl_^ I jjj . i_dj9j__3 ^ j a • ^1
trail ^Ljj ^Ijj uiiitj i » tl jJLj l-j! ^ mi ^1 4«4_jjLj jJLus 4X0 j mi q
iL ^>JI (_9^L»JI d JJLH* J-** 6' f^^*- 3 ^' ^'■^ p ' " U^^J i4-Ltl^ ol>^
^Lc c^i^')/ ^jdl (^^ill >^l j-* JL^I c^LS U£ io ^jVi ^1
6^ J^' uJh ^^dj^ ^j>^ ljt^ L^LH" i meteorite debris 2u^3_uJl jL«.Vl
jjj jjj 4_j_^3«uJ! jLjt tfJLA 4JL^Lua 4_^,j^q-Jte.,<i dJLufcj .3JU>-lj 4 <^"ijt
ft. ins
djuk <j-a*j j^^jj . 4_j^_uJi jLao-Vl L_al mi "^1 ^ j tj|
^i^. Sja^-jJtt jj/V <,nH *dijj5tLo 3jj-uaJ L-kllstJ V ^^jjUl <^itl LuuLuj?
l<j tht ) (jy&l 1 <i m t(jJl*I,lj jjti-aJI (jjo JJJ^ lV 3 U3^J Ifl'^VJ *U*°J^'
L-fll rji.J ^1 (jl C-uj i V n ^ *4_AJ^J»JI j-(L>JI CjI j jj V ts> \\ Jjt^j >-J-^? >k^t
^ l^oJc-t^ b"-*^ ^ ^J^3j J!j-i-o-iVl <_xlv t ^ A^V ^LiC
^ planetariom ^Lo-cJI 4_uiil ^ L^dj^jl^ Jljj V idJj^a-u ju^Uj^v
L? S 4ldJ m£>-*J (jy^JJ >-*^>- J-^f j j " t j 4_jUa * LlIo V"l jJlu m£JJI 4jjjJj , (jjuLk
SjUu 4_Ls ^itxbl Jl>>Ij (j 5^_u j-*->- (*-T ^1 cr^ -^4>^ Vi tjjjLlII
Lai .4_xfl ' ' (^jJI 4 . n o\ JjlSLlI 1 \ \ i ^yS jij.ftJ a ( n <«Vi nj tC>lj-A
jLj^Vl
SLjsc^ >J^Vl jLfcj^Vl ^ IjLo . 4j j n t a jLt-u,! JjLLo
U>Jt jUa^I (gthijt
JuMfl iijuLUI L y3 SJUJLC JLusl ^PdjVLj ^^j-u j^*->- ^-L=uj-j LqJUc
JjoL^ J-ys ^1 LajJo^ Jjuaj ^pJI j t Ljj^jjI ^ oj j ^ u<tl Meteor Crater
4j( J^, " < -»JJ t4Ju-u cJiJl * J^fcj JlLo (^IftjVlj ^lajjl LaJu£. i LoJ^-Sj
(^ilaj \ o j *^ (jj. mi j IjjL^ ^ jJI JljjjuLuJI (jLuujJ ^jja Li^^Lj-ot ^yJa j_ul3 4J
IjLA (jt Jt>jJLl (>aj .3 j wrwVt ^IjJJIj CjLVjJI ^u! ^1
^cJj «iUrt * )(Jt i jll ^l>^( J-3^f ^ 7"—^ (jJ^ Ju^j ^SLj ^ < (i >JI
LjjJsjLa nj j\ p\ \Utrt^\ JU£. ^ k mi 1 (jl III i^lo tJiJf V * l>J^
i>o 4_1>L_J! j^ajJI JI^Lj . L^ijL^f ^1 SLjJtl^j-JI cm>Z
SyC \$ i>it i JUljJ LLS^Li (*maU*jI JlS mi a Lai iii-wt ^jl Jx-lsJLl
Cr^—u ^LLajjl j^ptj (J.J V-Ttlt fuitl ^j->o tiWl plj i^i r jny)
^L/VI ^ - ( asteroids cjIj^JI) cjL£j£]1 j^l Uj tJ J^\ ^
SjjLfl < comets CjLujJLI jl^I ji _ S ^ j j< 4_^^ jL*^i jsjj^q
J>c L^Llfi J-Sj t J^"i U -A-u-u£l eH^J -^4^' tly U-Usi^o ^ jj<" n
<JJj cjIjl^I ^ 3jjL2 L^&] iJjLoJLI CjIj Cjl^j^Jl 2LsLi£
tlLIj ^gJl j i 1 1 1 ^ iJLyil 3^ mi r oj^Lajs j_Lu p mi Ll_l£^£Lj plajjj LoJuUL^ . ^^ojVl
Ju^Lj fiLcLLajjl JU£. JljJLJej U L^jI mi a <5jmjLj ijj^J ' " ^ tiiljj tCJ j ■--*t < 2Lc.j_l^
3 >-*lc Lfcj-La^ ^jL-siJI ^ mi-»JI j rt-r hii it >2JL>Jl ^| .CjljLUl
<L$LajJI j j_i^_^J I 4JjLb 4 i q< ^jLa i L^Jk-J^jj ^1 j^JuLlI ^ , m y]\ u ~ t ]\
<L»3jJLo toy* o\\ J-j-C- J-^H-^ * L<iJcj y J-J-^ 1 CjLIj^JI ,_■,"< r^j (<_j|jJjJlj * grit
iSj^jJLuaJI CjI oj iii -vJl Lot ,^_La_4_oJI ^1 L^-Cj^j it L_Lj T L ^sj^\ CjLjLc,
VI (jlajVl jia^ ^1 J^ju Vj tblack SOOt l±ua\ ^Ut^oj ^^>Jl i_fl>UJI <-tki>4
iJlLLj ^ >• -v- j-JL-ua t-j-i i_uJ 3 JLJ JL_C Cj I J-u-oJ J I <j '"'^ Uo JJoj lil t ^lLs-u
^JiJj (jl ^jSwO-j Jl£^ . JU_l=kJLI ^Lj-o ijjj^ C-<_jj 4 » >t ) Lq-^ tdjl r m^JI
(>4 cl^JI ^ < o "m Ur IL^ Jjla3 Jl^ " n t 4lol£^j ^A^SJI ^M-Lol ^j-lj ^*La- <mTI
JLjJLjIu ^1 ^ JjJj (j I djjJu ^»^HdV1 ljL_^J ^jSL^jJ . Lj_jjcjjJu 4 i ii y t ^ j In n
L^jf ^^k: impact theory ^LLajjV! 4jjJki c> > n^p ^ v n «T1 J}Lau3
4_"i mi J i n '°i .^psjVl 4_jvj ^yl^. Cj_<u ^^yUl ^pslj— ojVI CjLjIq r j $ <"tV j i m rti
fossil records A-^i^Vl cj^L^JI , n.,,^.U ^ o^^J^ *>i5^* 0^'
l_9jJSM CjLLa j-iixj J^Lv <^jV( ^i^- ^l^jVl ^.lqv ^ <b ^1 fl" y iij ^ f.^J>.
J o M i l J . lLUj <-«1 CjVjljuw l^-^ L ^- i <j' J-4-l_>JLl t( jrJ_L«-Jl
4JLuL-oJ1 4_*£ r,u*J ^ylll ^dinosaurs CjIj^-^LljjJI £jj -il^Jat ;4l^u
^ LlaM^uf j-o- ^ i4j^_u ^jj-lLq 4jLj ^^ylc 5jU food chain 4_pl jJlJI
. grubs ola j cjIj-u. -»JI jjjLk^ ( n ) 4_,LijlJLj Sl^l^JI oLujOJI
ijLfl *JL>. L7 k^ .41^ ^° oljj-ioLLijLlI ^UJaj JjL^I ^UajjVI
^uj>iJI jjf (^i^. ^JLjlII ^Lseul J-j-c^ ^ CjJu>-j L;r l]l 4Jj^/l j-a tj^yJLojJl ^UojJi
4_Lcu Q j ■ j 1 *a ^ * Julj i^ic r.Vi -v. L pJi <i ^Jl (^Ij-oj^l Cj^/L>.
i(j\j_uJ1 (j^i 3^ j ^Vl tj-u^lll cjLLo j-t^aj (J!>L=^ ^j^it j (jji I ^ t t i Loj^j
{j\ LcS (^ljkJI 3j jt i^ttl cllt ^ SjJlj ,>>T1 4_jS^-l1JI jLfc^Vl ^jLfl
jl„ jr ^Vl cllli ^ 4 o > Jj . ^ ^tl Ljjjl llijj . U^ix SjJu j-i^i
, 4 U i n^ILo ^Lstj>. I CjI j 4_j£^^_u jL*_>J O^gjJI ImU*^ t4j^l<; t ii 11
SjJ I <g t ( n I" Vj t IjljJ- th j t(jy ji J Q J^ll L^-LjJ^Jj
jJL^t II jLfc-3.Vl jLa *l>^J^' ji^u i ^l£. 3jj^^ll jjJ^ H
SjljLuoJI l^j^JoU 1^ /^jjlJ degradation 4jjjl1JIj P r ) Aj^aiU
jL?c_j>-Vl ill ^j-rt ^j^Lsi-^o ^LLo-jJL^JI <jljLfcj . 1 1 1 (jy i£.
JL>-1 1 ^ j Vi ' ^ 'j (j( t jSL^j V 4 jl o f Cr^J 4^1 ^" r (i «aj 4 \ » ts> 4_lLj_c
.Antarctic ^^i^JI ;4j^-lUI
30" 0* 30°
150* 180° 150*
jjjj-42L4 Ak> a £^4$ • ISLLLSjCul ^fl 4 l.< ^ jjJI «4_i£^jJJI jL>^Vt Jj-^>» £-3 1 3-0 <LLajj_>J1 ajub j gfol
j-4 "wUj 'h a (jfJLc i j i tt ^l»Li LJ Xc (SjLaJI ciUj <jJLc (Jr «jJjJl (^*UJt j-f>U tyftj (McMurdo Station
^j-ii^Jt ojL-a-jJt j»LSj j-4j iAllan Hills 0*1 JiUu i-Ju;Vl 4-_£j_JJI jL^>.Vl J>aj-
^ : <j j'.ti 3_ hJ i,.« y)\ j_4 Ji^b) Reckling Moraine ^a_tl>JI ^ '■is:^ f L£j$ (Elephant Moraine
.(Meteoritical Society
4 j ii i njjj CjLstJLLa-ua-CJj 1 $\ * • -< 4 t ^IjJl SjLJLlI ^ Ut*t ^j^i j a t fl^ i f •-
.*1j_3e_t-o ^ ^ j r 4__ujj_^J! 4_j_tla_aJ! SjLSJ! a (jLd *Percipitation
IjJLd 3jl_a]l ^JiLjj i l£Lp£^jl!Lj| 3jL2j cLa-i^il! ^j-a l-«j^JiJI JLaj^uiuJI ^LujluLj
j j tjj W 1 rt jpr I JLljqj>o ^JSjj Lq_a t pi "l Mill ^-3 cltjL^Jj^Jd 4->-j^ ^ i * ( _^i^Lj ^j]
(^jJL>»j (jy^ilj i jl_lL>JI J^Li^ ^j-jo ^yjj (^11 t 'U^H 3j_}L»JI (JLj^>J1 < fc M ^
^jyUlj inunataks ( u )«4 j y.ftU ^a_U!)) inl 4Jjj_t_a l1>1 * n"i fi« q
CJrUJ .j f i\\ <?L>uLj J-aj_u>U U i } 1 LfcjIjUtjl pLul 4_oeJl]| 4_5uiaJI n"
^1 nljl j t 4 j *».l!ttl 4 n jUlt jj- jtl 4_jj^UI LliLL^HI j 4_oeJltl <i
(jr>tj (JILcjj . JuL>JI ^JoJ! q u\K\ 4-Lual jILo Sjj m > 4jj^JI ^LjJI <-<j"k
c^i ^ JT^' ^ (O-o-^l Jj^ 4-jjLiL^i 4 fl.tilt 4'jU.II 4^JI (j?
jl SjJiuJ! ^IjJLI ^1 S^UdVL .spatially jL^Vl
(jljS-T (j^La->. j^jj t^j) <^ll * ^U^U 3jjLl1I JLjjkJI 4jjj-aJI J^-SjnJI llLIj
Queen Maud ju^/ oj>^ ^ *3jUJ1 ^ l^jL^J! ^ JijjVl gji^lt
(jL^>JI ^L>ul Jjj^LL ^j^Vl °) 4_jJa1 > i:j iU\\ jjijjJI ctuj^ iLand
4-^1 ni "^1 4Jujj ^yJl j j miJ 4_Jj 4_»_)j! j i-£j^>. Lj^SLo
^ > <\A"\ r Lc ^j^. MAC 86002 ^j^LJI
jj«JI Y88141 (j^till (Macalpine Hills jIla cnJl^Lo
(jj^S ^ Yamato jjLjL cr* { ''iVi'vUj ^ °^AA ^UJ ^ 1 ^ ^Jsj ^j^UJi
^j-fl L_JjJL La lLILlAJ . (^3^ J^-^*" <-flVl <Cu_« ^j^a jsIL^i < rt miTs! <- m->- * JjV „^0--a
ijM- ur^- cr^ ALH Lr^L^' >*J^ cAhH >^ (jr^l
31 <i ,mI,Ij ^j-l^Jl < <U3l 1 3^jL*JI Jl i -*\\ 4\ ( <il f n ^ (spur) ^j-cj ^
^JL_iL>iJ! J "nJI - 4 j r ^-J9 (^IoLjus (j-ja I JLA . JJL.A <jVT
1 'Wl cru La t jJLa> 3 <ya ^JjVl 5 j r;,<" o>l i ^Jl
cjlji mil tJ-L ^ 4 rtUi<u c? _a^_ujJI ^ jl-l1>JI JJL^kJI ^jJ^. t ^ ^VAj
(jr^J 4j^LjJ1 4jJuL>JI Jj rt*>JI Jo iVi! J>j)^ ->Jl alxJt r.t injj i4_a^-^UI
Ja^jVl ^jlh^I <> uA^ 1 < Jt,V.<l ^ r U
4j^Ij JLjuj .j-aJLll ^j-fl ■ U j 4_j I JJL>- ^jJ^jj ^-^>- Jjl J-Aj iJ-Li-A (jVT 4 rttn i <p
. jijA (jVT 4_>^JLo ^yi^. jjwl ^ jljJL>. JJr>. ^3 jJSJI ^^lo i^jul^
0^> ! jttJl ^iC 4J^#J
^ if JUJI ^ jJI >^JI j^j.ALH 84001 ^j^Jl j^JI^ ^
J_pa 4jLa j^tj Juu L ^£. tjlj A jVT 4 7iU)<i \ .^^Vl (jyJjJtil (JJL_JL>JI J-(L>JI
^ I j -^^ Score jj)^.u> c^jl_^ nJal m."^I Ijla j-S^j ^jlJI ^j— jJI
JILa pjl 8 * A J ♦ 4_l^3_l1I I jL_?lj>-VI j^c: (jj j n'n jlj— Sal 4_a_o_i_u ^yi ^j^Swo jj^— 3
3ljJLl (jjl J ^tl ,„;'^ i4LusL>JI L&jLcljJb L^J 3j ^ imII <j1 VI iL7 _cLc-^>Jl
. ^jj-dil f i i (j^j ^j_<5 3 j-i^jJl
1 2Lu3j-ill ' jj^ ■ " (( (jr^JJ « Lj>-J ( i nl jLLa nHJ j ^1 4^LjoVLj
4_l_lLl1II du£j tuA\ jLt-^VI ^ \(fi i>>^ ^^lll Cjlj) / i nil JM^>- (>0 3 J ^ u i I I
jJLc ^LuaALI (jj) i .u j^j-^ jL^tu>. VI JUk J^q_±j Ct\]r> J-S^ : 4_ijj_L>JI
4jVj jys t " i n "t ^1 j vCt-jjj-jJj 4JLj J-4 ^ C^j—CjJjj JJ^" ^— >-Lj * ^ ^VA ^1_£L
i jLtj_tlj_u>3 4jVj 4jlj«L>. ^^Vl 4_uljqL>J1 1 {ft f i ii *.L-b_9 JUu ^L*_uiili-J-A
: L^J^oj ^LVI (J Uj j^Jujj . ^jJL^ol (j-u>J 4Jj J_fl cAlIulj cU_^L>JI C^jJljs
. ((^jLujjf 4 i j ^ i i r> f ^^SLJ UCLA <j_u^JL>ljI ^ Lujj-i_jJL£ 4.,t_aL^.
^ Q ^tn V" "if 4 j < Lg_aljLAl cj j^luc. La ^jLcj-^j t geology 1 j j >JI
jjS^ys t-t^lj^s :3juju>- <LLlIo3 jj5L<-u cJLajjl i )W\ ^Lc . « L»Lc
Crary ^jl^S j r< ^ j^j i^j^J^JI 4 j .U^ll SjLUI ^ u ,n n^JI djLstjVl
(>q Ji^ 4 i£jb--^ cjj_J? ^JL*JI yj 4 i i.i't i Laboratory
^» a *>j -V <i a j * " ,. ^<v JLjuj *^jJ1 o Mill L-Ja-SJIj ^^JL^JI < , UMI
<— Ja-SJI ^ < fTjt^T I ^s_i_uj->a J^liw ^Ir. , „ JJlc Ju^-J (^jJI * aJj^fLa
.« JL>-lj {ft^pl Ur"W ' "J u^-^i
.(jjLL- tijb ALH 84001 SUudl Aj^^aII
jJLi-aVt LiilH 4 i mi ilL SjL>t^j 3 jl>. I jj >gj i^ll iL£j^iJI jL?tjvVl 4 j Miitb
{jj+aJjS* (^^L^"" <y3 I ^ jlr djLfcJ^I (L^«*
i V n'q ij o nil fjj* ilrw ijy jJl j j ^ ' 1 1 J jl*r"J 4 7 n *"< a JjLojJ jjJo JLj9 ft «>>
4_l^^_uJI jbs^Vl SjLst^Lt oL^JI ^3-4j>J U ft UUt J^jJL' j j "< r I
^1 Alt jij-c*u^>- '"'^ JlSJ» : L$J jJL> j^fL_u dJJj ^^ki J^Iajj . ^ ^YA
* K j " <jLbl ^ j-jj>1I J i^-ft JiUj j i ^Ai ^LjJ! lJij^Jw. ^
4 rtlUj (^jJI ^ < ii^/ I juL>Jl)) L^j^L>.j (j^jf ^yi* j < ii Ljjjjj cixilLajl
LoL*J 4jtt ilstj JJ-jJ ljI n tiV l£Lu£jLlj? 3jL_9 (^yJLc ^j-L^Jl ( rUrtti ^yS <jjJLoL*Jl
L*j) Jul4 $ ^JL*jlLdI (J^al^ j-a i l^>- 4_i^*>_il]i jLa^xS/l j ts> t£±j^
5 ^U; A t (4 * u«.Jl Jj^oll r 1 ^ I ^ JSU snowmobile 4-ociii 4j^-c 1 ${°\
4 t i . u SjJ, 4-LjJ Ji_ti>JI ^ If ^--oLj-Jv. J j) ^ j rtj 1 i^J_uk ^j^/T
4 ( L^jusj-CJ ^ j V * LgJj_Li j_L_j 4 liU) '^^j ^jJj— iJI
(j^/T 4 ft (jMi m$JuL>J1 J-L>JI <j^o c-JjJlU M_ys 1 jjfcj JUl-UJ i jLya!
- dtstjJ! ^ jLulU [lijLui\ £.fn Lt^ . Lx^^ j^JI jjjuatj JUlj 1 a C° i CjIjlA
Lufj LoJ ?r _ I^Lq V • j-i-Vl ^ ^ * <J C'j--^J 4jjL;xL>Jt LuLi^-C. (jru^tj
4^j>JI ^ u U .tl jljlUJI t>c L^jf jl-o^-su t ice pinnacles <(4jjl-JL^ L^2»
jjL^ ,,.t I ^Ll^JI tjub ^ jiiLJLl ^y^jcj LjJljvj Ij-t-xfj (4_jjLjlI1 ^Lj>Jb
4JLia£. 4_jJLjJj>. J^*)rt r u (jr-tAJ I JlAJ . LqJlS ^ jJLj p o nil dJLA ^LiJjl
^UjI ^ tLdJi ,jJa^JLi ^.03. Luajf LdLlA ijLZ cdJU ^crevasses
diLVjJl ^jJI j>U3 (J7 l!l iL> ^l_3jVlj diLLlill ^ 4 null dju^J 4_a^ljJiX! cjLaL>JLI
^.u^-ia Ojjj frLltA ^yjj . recycling ^jjjuJI ol jUr ^ L^-ol jitJL_oV Sjl^ILI
_ j^Jpt ts\\\ r,\7i\ i4 h, a i u\\ c. mij -v. ^Lljjj ^ jtL£ Port Hueneme
4jV^j ^^>_L^Li 4_oJ^o ^ ( n ) 4 j< IrtTI »Lj3 j II ^jLijj) ^< i «i - Lb j La
1 ^ jTl j_-i_a->Jl jJaj i *\\ \ )c j n()aj. : r clllj Ijjj ^^Ijv Ijj tX*M t^Jtjt dtliid))
1 ^ " rtj U>j ^jl IjJaib itilli (jr^-J •«^JtJ t^c-iu)) : V i.n.t IjJLj3j
*JlA i it <"< Ur I jlu^ tj^i^ 4jj jl^U ^LbjVl j-A-^^J (jr-A *~ (j? ( t iltr>7t
,jA >^ Ji 5 ^ *ALH 84001 : JjVl Jj^jJU Sj^^l
^ >^>Jt (jut ojj -4>e * ^ uo-^ <ui u h r«<\\ jl^ji ^SLi
I JlA JJ^I i it l_al IjjL^-d <jL£ . 4JjLfc 4_Cjj-uJ ^JJ>Ji L-3^LiJI J \C OJ^JJH £yC
chip 4JaLij ^Loit L=r l£. Luju_a ALH 84001 ^j-^i j^Jl <Julo if .\ r^nW
idiogenite cm <^jjJlH /ys «ul ^ If t(jr Ujt_A j^j*_* c<>ij L$LL>o ^j-^* Sjuj^j
j>l ... >L> 4_aLLu;1 Jjl^Lj Vesta 1 1 1 <i «i u ^ m.U j j j<Tt Xj^J! ^ c-^l^SLil
Cjlj I I <l ^( i lJ jL- t J (^1 i \ WX ^xLc < _ 7 l->- J— <Q ^1 3j 1 "I J ♦ U 7~ v jJt-l^l
4 ^ ^LUI oryJ! c^I ALH 84001 <>j^uJI >^>J< j-oj o' *^ '""^
^Ljlc jj 1^ I^jjj ^^jJj-cw jjfcj tMittlefehldt jljrtl*M a «t-£-Jlj» JllojjJ
OL^j^k]! Ijla J >^ ^jJai t^uai L^o Ldl . ALH 84001 j^>J1
(j-Aj) trivalent J^l^lJ! 4_uMii jujl>JI ju^L^I ^ 5j fi* o oLi.^ Lr k. ^ j
l^jl j-p. Lj3jl.Lu.Ti (^1 ) divalent J^lSLllI 4_uLu ^Jlo-lo ^ juVS'JJ.I jujl>JI
oIjjlII j-fl oj; - H L-^jjSLj U7 ^\ cjL_i_^jJLt sulfides (oIjl_l_oLcJI)
disulfides 4_uLu cj! j j"jj-^ o-c- 3j1 1 r jujl_>JI cjI a cujIS" .(^jJ^Vt
monosul fides olj hjjjS' L^jj^ ^ Vju ^(jujl>. 3ji JSU ciuj^ Ljjj)
. « (jH-" 1 j ^3 3 jSLoJI c.tA,<i*itl Li-Aj .(jljjl>. 2jj JSU 3jl>.Ij c-ujj^ 3j j j
^j^-iHI ^jslj>JL3 ^jJLULjj t LiitJ^jo LjJ^J-u !^e-Jv ^ Mif JL^.? LT ic l3 ^
^ jj * tti c^L£a Sjj n nil 4_£JL>JI L^f . U ^jJI ALH 84001
CjI, \ j**<jj^-a^ < " ( n mm *S I <jl JLjljw : J Ij Ah j a Jj-flJ ♦ 4_lLc lJJj-jlIII ^mxi djLq_caj
cjLi-4>^ cr^i) ^^J^ ^>^^ ii-AjUitl OjJL^kJI
^yic L;r IjLj iSL^j.jiJI jLjljvVI cjLLajA^- a 4 M^t iLindstrom ^ ^^L_ujujJ
Jj-ua^>JI I nlr <jl cJLs 1 $ ij-jjJI Lfcjliil * jj>U jj-^ j^^JI ! jufc <jL 2LSj
4 m r LlLl^jLJ9 . ^ jl£Ljj (^£1 isotope analysis jjLkUL J A V» L:r Lc
jJiLLkH *lj^V j-cKi rn Ij«_jiLv ^ Clayton /j3_Li>L_^ o
^ 1 Q Ac Jjuajv LiiLlI 4_fljl_Lajj jjLIj J i^t *>» Jl^j . 4_oJa (jyr '"^1
.fl^j^Vl ^itjjJLl jL^Vl
Ijl^ 3, , ( ^ Ml 2L^LaJI ^1 ALH 84001 ^£>-iiJI >^->^
^lini ^j-xs c<t o cjt jJ i 4_j_£j j it! jl_at_>-Vl t j_^ L_bjJ^I cj\j (^hj jj-*
* jtJjJLl (j^o ^ Yj t j <\ 7t\\ i j r a < " i ]n t ^> I " ^ 3 j mi c Jjl LJL>. f I j j 1 1 f ."t i^ylajVl
t (jr Ll j j. "t , « I! ujjjjJI JL^_j>JI ^j-a CjI jJu-u jj^-_aJlj| I jub jlj ir>) ' ^ U" JL_£J
f-J-q-> ^ SLInll AlSJI dJLA (J^judI ^JU>o (jr IiJI 4_lj^SUI CjL^jt-tfa-jJI i Jlj Ju>J!j
i <a t ( I t^rLa- i ii's^U 4_uLuj tfj-^j^ *< (U 4 t 1 1 nj t 4 i mi itlj
ijlllll J J i r. ii ^yl^-J .SjjJI tfJL^J JjU>JLI J J h ) 1 1 LiUj Cj IjjjJjjil I JJLC A^JJLJ
i^jvL sl^ill Lajuii iCjM-cLiOi] nuclear level ^j^JJI ^j"* .u.11 ^^ic
high-energy 4^LLaJI 4_JLl cjLoL^I U/^J ^jlj^>Jl ^ cjUjj
cjLiu jl9j .L$j 4ia_ij>J»! CiLjj^pSUVI in jj-xj Sl^j J£ Jlj>>»j collisions
i4_ujSJI 4 t miVLi 3l ,uU 2LiLLaJl CjI <i J ■« >li ^Joj^j LsJulC *^j_*Jl]I
.(ji 1 mil (j^J^— ^ j \ tl (jjJ pLS_JI 1 1^ <ij < u m (C-ljIj Iri ill djuA jnt i
jjjlS j^>-VI I Lai . ^jjSUI ^ 3jLjL_o j^LL^il! ^ JlA L-t^.t" 1 ntl j-iC. (jjoj
4J>yLa J__btlij t radioactive «5 — ^jlaj : ^ a" m, a j ir j 3'^
,4^JL> 4_j J-ulJi o^-4J V Sjij-AJLo 3l^j ^1 * ^(Vl JLstlJl jjl ^cj (jyk-J
d_tLajJ| SjJLaJI ^1 u ^ j j uuj , 4 1 i i\ 0V0 * jLj Half-life <i 1^1*1
4j^jV| (j^s ^ I mVI JJUiJt £_>j ^ j < ^a-fLi ^.ja mill jL$-C.V1 <j^o *3 1 jj^-o
♦ 1 jSLaj i^j^iiJ! tSS-^ (jJ >3 j A jl_4-c! 4j^Lj ^ <>> a Juuj :Sj <T< < nil j-t£.
parent nuclei «3jJI^Ji 4_j^Vl» <j^» ^k«t l 4_iJUJl JL^ T» , » 4jL^
jjUaJJ! 4 > ,.,,..* > Ljj^Pj (daughter nuclei 4j>jt» Lt-ua t 2j «~ mtl j-j^c.
< .» " i f! i-ij^SJt 5 m i\\ ^ whorls oIjIjjlJI ^ 4_cj^*u4J 4_LVI ^1 SjJIjJI
<ya iLVIj SjJI^JI 2u^>U SLkaVl jIjlcVI
^ina c-jLt^>. 1 q.,.i < 4 4_jJL>J I L&jljLC.1 ^yji-db -^ya LtSL^Jj ( L<o ^jo>>
CjI j ^ £ _ J-L>o . ^u_uJ>JI IjUfc JLua 4 j nmill jL*£.Vl
((^^j^SLJI j^jjLlJI)) CjI jj <af *[>^1 ^ <aU 11 <4j.< » 0Y0 • jJLJi A milt j-q-iJI
^-se-tuijVlj l-jI hi .^Vl jU rl jujLjt^J L^jj ^,1 V "1 1 «\ ^pJlj t Carbon dating
J < "U i r i l l 4_) jJI tj-flSUI j-A I jufc £)f Oj)ljV'J ^j>j JlII
LjjIj 1 «; Cr-^li k ill f^ji 4_i^dL>J1 « y <t (CjLjj^JISJj^Ij
J.^kj 3 j t j -w 3jj m > \ i _ Q^jj-SJI J <; t jj m a ^ j r j^>-V! j^t t\\j
j-j^Vi 4_j_Lq^JI CjIj "i rtlt 4 1 diillj (jXlj < 1 uti (_3^/Lj (j_u L^_j i _ ? aJI jL^-cVl
VI 4^vjJ 4 miH jLucVl (>o j j 1^ JJLC u inn')l Jv3 (j^^jio t j > LiUi
4-j_La3 Ju-Jollj . L^l iVi^i 0^*f ^ ^ - ^ (iH* ^ ^ LlJ^-^J dJLufc ^ ii
j^iiaJJI J<>> > l jru ^j-flj > ) J^LjVI 4 1 (i mitl jl r VI CjI j 3j iil n»U
j-ji-C. 3jj i^y-Aj * 1 * _ ^ j 1 hLSj-jJI JU>0 i JUaVI Jjj U 1 1 ^jjLUI 5 a l i 4." ...t^l
tjj-iL ^ f YA 0< i <n< H Laj^c j-Ljj *( u ) £ * - tjj^jVl ^jJI JLtJu 3 j ^ * - *
o J^JoJ L^jjIjk->" CjjI 4_uL^j 3jLa (j^o OjjSwJ ^ ^ I jJLall . 4-u_j
jJ^I J" 0" 1 1) i J*L*_5 5^jt_jU3 1 1^*1 (jr^ 4 j 4^wjjJ "* ' L^_l3 Jj— U
("r t I m *i Juua i^-^ I j a » II JUJ >o 1 i^xjVlj SJtJI^JI 4j^j^U
4JuVI j 3jJI jJI 4j>»V1 ^ 4_jjL_u1o cj1-u^ j j .."in 3 .S^JtjuaJi solidified
ij-^-»JI I JLA < fit <X i^jLtJ ^H*-* 1
♦ 4_Lcu jj^ Y , 0"\ (^|
.Cull 4 jirt'tl ^IjLitl^l jLil * ALH 84001 ^j-xJl j^JI 4JL*
j-stl) jJL-OJ j -g r t £ " _ O^^J^li * - y*J) J < (ijj J-J 1 CjI j «^ 4jjLa>a ^^yLc
1 < i £,<nj .(J^Vt ^ylc, L^JLa *J->- J (j L<i ^1 JiLa-uol 4_l_3 i_< i -iuJ ^ jJl Cjj9jJI
4_LuC c? lc j-q-*JI I JUfc J>JuL JlSj . 4 *m ,t cr>fMj £ , 4jI ^^JLl $jjr mil Lr JL^Vl
Jagoutz j3^L Jj-oI { ^j>- ^1 j i>tl ilaL^^j ALH 84001 j>o
^ jJlj <4_uUVI 3-^^ 4j_j Juc ^ 1 J U dJLi^L) ^p^Lo Jl^jl^o ^,-33 <j^L>sjj
* jJI^JI jjk'H ybj <(rubidium-87) AV _ ^jjjluj^JI t-»Lu^ ^ ^jjLL^ Ijl^'
jJiyi 4_JJ Jirtlj (^jjj ^Vi Ml jjbj ( (strontium-87) AV _ m/ijj^ Jlj
^ J_^J 4^jj^ ,^ r Cj 1j j i ii n*itl jJl^l .<djj . 4 < ( u ^jjj jij £ V djJL5 £jy iLuaj j-<a. t j
Uj^v (jSLl *4Juj LJrU^ £ » (J_l2 JjV <"r jl i<~T\ CjJr in II j! ^ (jr^JejjLlJl
i £ * - ij^>.jVI ( 2>- 4 La I j)" Jc-a I plU a t 4_Lxjj (jJ-Af < * > ^ *' J-JU j^j <ml L^-Lo
JL>o L^j Luijjj ^pJi 4_LitjjllJI <cL^JI resetting > U m ^ SjLcl U^j
i^LiJLlJ * 4JL-U tJ^4^ ^ ' *Lu-u tj j) Jl\ j H ) V * ^^-J L« *^JjJLl 4jl ^Jj^ (jjO
^j^! ^ jaVl ^ l^Uo^I 43>Liu ^jlsT ALH 84001 ^j-till
3j mi nil 4-jjj^^" Tl CjL^j-thJI I jl Lj . lj or ^jJ^Vl 4_Liej^JLl jjjV mtl
Lfcj <i_C JLj^_J cr^^ 4_j_juojV| jj-it-uaJI ^ .1, <i ^ Oj do 4 j
^JJ J^j 4^ j, o <rll -V <r> It ^ Jl-^I j, ^ r Jj! ^jjl Ij-Lajj i4j-i_u ^>y_j^Li T ,A
l;<>n-s. ALH 84001 c^Jh^» >^>^i *2Li^ o! jU £ , Y
^yk-j .planetary satellite ^-^^ l5' l>° S-^J-^ 6-* o^'
6 j5l*0 6ul09
1" j_<nl 4_jjLoa jl or t L_^J _ 4 j mi o miTI 4_tjji^JLI j)j) ^L_ul ■■■i]
^^--tUl j^*^>JI (jl Ijufe j — j mi J Ju3j . 4 — <uJL_2l11 4_j_j*jjJtl g^ir i^II
Uai- < rtnr» ALH 84001
JLi ALH 84001 cA-^il >«J> lM 6^ lt 1 ^ &>X\
, 1 J^J-« _J JU-j J^JjJU j-^ 4Ji!
t jiaijJLl JuJLj>»J 4 j ( 7n ij^*JtJI JljJLaj Jj^ks JlLd dJJj ^ L^JlLa
CLa\-l*£ (J_uLj9 (jr ic J <Ti t*t i^pojVl (jr ic < h Tv*) j^pJl 4jJjJlJI jjJtjuaJI jt
U ;tl \l t ^ i ^. Ts i4JLo CjjI M^jJl jl^-U uA^- ^j- * * N cH* I ' ' ^ ^
4__i_ < _uJjL)^ i \ o _ dr^>-j^ "'^J ^ ^ - JL> "i i t
i ^ A _ jrya- mi ^Vlj * ^ V-pya- m. ^ "I _ jr^ a- m i ^ Vl dJLufc t(Jr^*_
t ^jjLljj^ , Y Y _ ^jjjjJIj t Y \ _ (jt^-tUij i Y * _ j^jJlJI jlj>o t^jjj fll 4 j i n iTLjj
<_ il jj i (i j *ij jj jJI (Ml n!l 1 o I r JL^eJ^ . 4JjLa <"r i <i A Llj L_ll I dJLA jl
3jj^>.jJLl lLLIUJ 4^j1 mi a I ■ ■ j jt^" t <lr 1 j)1 ^jjeJJI j^l tri <tl
j-^-^t J t I i s \\ m t <n 1— « 1 j j "i *S 4_jjL*JI j \ f ^jj ■> <TI jt ^-C-jJ t^,<Mi Miti
. 4j3jJL«i <- ■ i ii ( i LAjjLtaj j. ^ l^" (jH-Il j_l^dLulII
4^JtJjVl 4_l_L^|jJl U-^t^SUI <j_>3 jrjjjl j)LS i4 J Ml <1 Mltl 1 Tl r ^qJE^O
^jkJv. CjI jLc. jj-« 4j^SL<s 4_jjj>- 4 rtliT I ^jKl" <ij ijtJjJLIj (_>^J^1 1 4 faj i^j (i o Milt
. . jyj 3jL>-lj 4x. jLa i jrpJL>JI LlK . LfcjjLLaj < ^ i i i>*1 (j-yLj^
^L^jt y ^ j. mi " n lSj-^JI c-3^LiJI ^jV I jiaj i4_Lol£j 3-1^
^^j>J\ L-k^LiJ! j^Ib^ . I 2L>wjj^JLI oljUJI j^ S^^L^ ^x^^il
; (j\j>> **< i U jj^a 4 Ij % CjI i £->3 i j^Jj^UI , V j mi*? I ^^Lj 4 q t o
£j joJI 5U> o£ ^MSUI\
(jjp-uj£A\j l<j^j^\ Jlx t£j^-] t — >b^-J *U3d>^ ^ jin^ t Jjtj <*UI jLstjj
jljia ^ pi "> mI <^ n tl pi" j ^jJH tnj a jlJsj * xenon ^jjJjplj t krypton
(^-L-l 4 qj^ L^J > i _ ^j^jjJUJI ^jjj ) _ (jrl^^liJl 4 i , n't jjt iJLHI JjJ-i-u
t EETA 79001 ^.,.aX\ tSuJ^J^JLJl jLt^.Vl aJJt jl^Jj ^rk- Sjj^Jll
^ L*-£ _ j_jj^U ^ i-3^LiJI ^ 5 ^> J * *l>^' < ^ 1*" glassy inclusions
JLSj . jLiJi ljufe J^-lj 3jij^v.jJLl j— j| f tl l-< cuj 4 LaLoi^J 4JLo Jjrr Vili \Sj^
4j us] LT I £ - J-^l — ^ J-jJjU L»J^3_j <U| ^Jl IjJa-i n( Ur itJjJ > l — j — ilj
^jsejtj 4 j ni \ \ SUj^oJI 4jJ^3^J' jt- 2 *-^^ er^- ^^>»JI *uM *L>^d5 'U—^zLA^
j^jfc-^JL 4 i Mill (jufc ^j- o SLjj *cP-lW 4_j_it-Jj— 4 L^jt (jJ-C i^j^—uJl j mij
j^J! Ji.bSj^^ll jjlibJJI L-i-i-oj ^ EETA 79001 ^J^l
Jj_S3 ^1 isotopic fingerprint 5 o Ujuo^JJ w ^<" t^j^-JJ
.^LVl fjl ^
(Jj-^ (JJlII jj>-*U i^j-^l i_a>L_iJ! c^j ^ J-lLvj ^L^ i ^ ^V i \ ^Lc ^
*1 (jru r^jjjl Jj-Sj .(j'j^ 4 * 5-^*1-^ ^ LiiLrw Jx^ju ^jJI (Owen
t^Mill ^j_jJ1 JL>»j ~_yc jjLili i^j-ij^JI j-jLL^j jl>.| jji jljJu>ij JjL^ t lljl MiLj_a
4JLlxiaJI cjL-^J! tdlj ^ £j>U isotope abundance ^ ■ ^ 4jpUi-U!
4_l^3_uJI jLt^Vt ^ (Jj^Vl 4LoL^JI CjljLiU 4..J i m.;TI SjJSjJIj
4-1)1 trn* LgjSJ (jy^^-u ^JJt^ ^] ^ jt t3j-A^' *(J-°J^I V^>^ (^^shJ!
4 j iX jl 4-_LitJjJ,l 4 j ^) wll jL?b^V| ^ Sjj^vjII ^LJU (jA^
^jjj — PjjJlJI ^j-A 4 \ <\ < (jJLc " ->j *LU (jfji — ^ J^a : unearthly
« <M 4 imo^. j_Lj njy=*-3j> v H j^LJIj Jj nMl j jk Ml jjfcj * deuterium
^jj^jjjj jlL! 4_JL»JI 3j-3jJI djLAj .^>jVl r, t \ ijlxJ\ *UI ^ 4_LuLa
U A jUTl Jjl^r "II — ^ t^Jj JJ (^J_>JI l^>LJlJI ^ Jj-^wjil
jJssj -ci'j^ er* Mauna Kea LS LijU .v ^ spectroscopic analysis
^ LoJiicj . L^Lvb 3 lyi-^l I , ,.11 ^LdLi 4 rti^i'iUI m<Vl Olji
^ meteoriticist dJjLiilLi ; 11% j^j t Clayton ^jjJbM^ Oj-jjj
M _ QJ-qr iii^Vl diljli ^yjj \A _ <n^Vl otjli 4_u_uJ ^LjJL t^KjMi
5j^.jll lLU3 ^ 4 Ah V a 4 * ALH 84001 ^3 u II j^j^JI
J£ ("i^Mj iSLjJejjJli 5 ^ j Atl j_a 4-ajLLilj<3 L^j^Ll i^jSU l^>^J1 *-3>LJJI
4 j 1 ( (iL> i3j hi tTl 4j^i]l 4_^jjJJI jl_st>.^/i ^ylc i_9jjl1JI [Sj-^ ^3
( - m i i t l j-uoj 4JL_>JI djufc ^ (t-j Lo jjbj >1 j ... *\ 4jpL^jJI < t m ii "t]\ 4jjl rt a
<"< il > (JT UI j j) V i nil L^j^ 1*1 « jlj_atj 2L^^_jjJI jl y ^yS Sjj^>-jJll
< t miiTI jru significant SjlLiII t^SJj 3j_Jl_^JI jj^iJI o^lj .^jVl j-^-ill
j^>V lju ai.^nii ^kui j^uj .j^yi ^ (jr ^u ^
fj^jzjJaj ^ jJI LilHj^ j-lLa >^j) meteoricists q^jJSj^uJI j-j
^^.j^ui ^ ^jVl SjMAJI ^jj^J! SNC «<SNC
o^Laf tChassigny j.mLij iNakhla ^litjj ^Shergotty
SNC 4_j£j_uJ| jL«-^M (jrA_i ^j-^i ■ n ^ lr jL9j . Jjit_i^J I Liil3 ^ ^ L^J^
jLt^Vl Uj t 4_L3LJI 3 m.tl bit 1 K r^jLuj SjLs ^ * > Y Uojui jJLJI
ijjj ^-Ll_jJ CjIjLb ^yolaljf (^.L. < n JlJLA * C J Nj S 4 j *S ^ J ' ^
jUe_>. I 4 i h « j x OJ^J ' i ' I JL^>- 1 J I jjjL ^ uif dy* ^ ' " o -v-
L<jjkj i^jLjJaLJ! I j ,.re-r>J I Lo I 1 1 J^jU j n. r 4_uU*jj 4_ajj I ^j-u ^^_>. !
i * ^^k. ^Lp^cj (Ni l j AZ.i L*m- U^'^ t 4litjj Zagami ^LUj
(jjo Slj-^l Cjuljjlo] i \\0 i |»U. SLflj ^jt U^o i ^ M ^ ^.ujj YA
4jJSjjJJ| jUtJ>.S?l <1 . "w ji^JJJ .(^J^JLl L|j£)-ij lj-^>- ^yxjJj iJpljLsJI
jLt^l 1 j <i i i(jrl-i^jJ^JJ>JI (^JlI 4^jJlJLl j^ie-uaJ! SNC
^jLULl < T ,.U"itl 5 .real property 4-iSLLU ^ 3>^l oLK
<L)M£^.jilI ULu «(3llal)) jJlj i Post Cax^j j^x. Ju ^ i>vLjj JxB ^ ^Lc^jJLI
(possession 5jl j -*tl ^Vi * «t ^ jl U\ <j-£*J * « occupancy
i 11 CjLjI j_j_>JI 5^_t>LLoJj <• 4_jj^_j 1 Si I 5 * A . u\\ j j r A 4 V t mIjJI SjlcLaJ! dJLA
j^ju <Cu<„U (jl *J5SL« 13 ^jjj ck^j ALH 84001 ^j^JI >*>^ a' ^W^!
^jsLj 1 $\\c j~ tj ^pJi 4. j j ill jLa^VI ^.i «i v (jLJs v4_x^L>. 4JL*_Sj
.i-tSj^l jU^VL 4^LkJ!
4 mi i(NSF) ^>UJJ 4 j < UjJ 1 4_. m t r j-U J *«L-<dulj)) 4JL^J l-Aji i^i f t (J^^J
^1 u $~( n \j£yjul\ jLfcj>.^/1 j-f^>J national curator (jila^JI ^ j 111 L^jI
r.rtfi \-cS t^jJuJs Jjj) o n \ 4 Ac j>Litil j*i «j ^pJI j! 4_Jlj.i j ATI 4__j<Ul
^ <* > 4-j_B Ij^oj < Jjj g "*<l l>*J -^i t ^SJ I ^yja Cj\ ^ j 1 til 4 j '< tn I 4 m tnjJll
<■ ,U 7t\\ {j-A 4_>.jJ V * o-a-JU» 4_<-^l jJl J 3 J. jar ~|l CjLj^jU 4 j gltjj JuLstjVl
Jl isij—A Q^a* 4 jjj j \ ^jyibj i Marvin tj^bjl « (j-ulj-Uj ♦ £ ^_j^1>JI
^ 4_j5LLi]l ^Lj} j n\ t JjI_3jLa j^>-« (>o *>^) ^ J^lrtll ^Lj j nil (jLijj'i j o < n
1jt jJ1 4_i£^_iJtjl jLj&jvVI 4_L>J LjJL^ t^'M MiJ Mi'L-mLa 4jVj_j £J>j^«jL£ 4JjJU4
. 4-_ojJj>J1 4 j jlnnfl 4_a^j_iJLll jL?c^w VI CjI nf j_3j)jjJ Lj^Ju_u j^J^o j_^IL>o
o <-u i V ^ » I ^juaJJI f.tjL_oi] ^ 1 ^- 4j_?cJJ ! ^ o A j ' ^ " i4_t iirt'Ji 4_LJvLi]i
. JUaUJI Jjfc-o LcjIj CujL^ L^jLj-u£3jj til 4_^lLd^J1 4 i
CjL-LsaJjl j-iu-u (jJJj <jr^^ *4 nt Jl C^_il£ .(La Sjj-Ltaj J^Vl ^ ^jLu j'i.-lq > »i
^JJLl «L^U» 4JL^ 1 <g " r^j^. ^\ *ALH 84001 ^j^JJI >^->Jl
"IV J^i ^ i^jl or jJLIIj <ALH 84001 ^j^Ji ^^Ji ^ Ly ^|
c «< - f> jj iCjLLutJI jjjjj aj^-ll ji^x>. (jj^L
jj3 j) l.t-u Lx-S> tCjl j I U T 1 oJLA 4 tjwlj^a 4_oeJJI ^j-a < ^ < 1 K*i ' U ' ^ ^ ^ I JL^j
. 4JLlL*JI 4-jitjjJLI I tU>^ p * * ^J\c
4Jl£jj ^ jJjlJJ SuiLajJl 4 i it < njJLl (jt cr^j^* J^>^J * 1 oLt-uljjJl t j_« ju^J,i
4-i-^. j *f 1 1 jLac_^VI djLstjVi ^jjo JujJLl frlj^-J LtJajl ^1 » ih"i < « «LojjIj)>
- oLj$j>SLJI -yz 4jj£HI 4^jJl_HI 4^3_jiJl jL*_^Vl ^j^Vl 4-jJtj^II
i^yi-jus <jjLSJll Jl£.1 km, <nj . 4_j_juojV! jj V ;^tl ^ Jl3| ^[c udJjl^j iC-«JjjjjlSlJi
^yiej^il ^jju1\ j-at>JI jLa^-I f-^J Cy^* J>sr i^>Tl ^j-a CiLcj-a. > i.U *JUk tO^J
4jjU_* ^ S^L^I jU^Vl ojla La ^ .^Lflt-i-aJI UjUoj ^ ALH 84001
Aiu^l ^ ,^ u <^t < ALH 84001 ^^-uJI j^Jl
tjru>Li 1 , Jjl_3 jjjJLI (^yic. volcanic ^L^-Ji
cJtjf j-u*£. 4jMj JJc-Ij ^ i ^L*J! ^ j j<_ Llf Lj
J>»- lZjJli *UI*JI L^J^x J_>L*_1j 4JLLJU ^1
**i *v> iuiiji sj^uji ^ j^i^djj
^ (Jut-Uallj 5j-SJI JaLaj ^Ul jiaLUj
ALH 84001 qpirijlt j»ft1f AUg jf
.nil ^ a ^ (j^SJb ALH 84001
jr^-wt^^lj (j^jjiJI <jjs cjLlSj^a ^silicates
£j joJ\ ^yJLc SLp £ouJI
oliokJ! ^1 | .^jVi ^ Sjj-^il JJ-^-^H cr--A^I UiSJLI
Sjit^s ^jual 4_uJLc J< A" ^1 .orl ho pyroxenes oLl^j^-jjjjjj^Lj SU-^JLl
3jj^.^JLl cjISLlLoJ! ^j^a^jjiSLJl L_tj^jJb I 4_±_j^*9 i^jVI ^^>- i'^H^I 4^u£^
d j ;c 4_uLS^-Ji 3 j^i^W djub ^ j ^ iALH 84001 ^J-JJl
^uSfl 5j-Js-.rU I *UJbJI ^ iALH 84001 .^o^it ^j_U_n j_j>^kJI j_4
^yLa-uiJt w_ijL>J! ^ya Jj^^it j t iirfiM i xjSX\ t-xitj^. J^L> ^JLuj .4-3ju J_L>o CjLLj_c ^JL^ Jj i^^II
^jljli (>« 4jjSL* mineral deposits cj! i ( uj3 ^jt olj^SLJIj
i^Luanil ^jjjju^v j^j^4J ALH 84001 ^^^jJLJI jj5tj>Ji ^y: 4JujlI Lax^J
6 jiuaJI y^B 6^9p9«jr6J^UI
0yJ> mH filj->.t £-L<j..y {jyS SjjLlLa Cj Lj^jj^J I (jjo Sj.jt \n globules CjLjj^ JufeL^
t 4_t^^jJl ^j^a *j^>. 4jLo (j- 4 1 J^lj Uj^jv CjLjjiUt Jufc *
^jJL jj-A nanometers cjIjJL^LJIj (j^It {y* o-^ O-^O microns
j— 4 ii strands JjIju>JI J<=>j-c- j-Luu_u_3 lZjjuL c*« 7t <"« I jj . jJLa^jlj
^ ft a i<Llc Ci'y "m jjpJI 4^?e— uaJI J£j ^^itJjJLl ^^j—uJI ^je_>JI ( J t lL>«J jl . 4 nj^j
^gj j->JI jjicuo <— iLj^ojJI beds (jLu-dj 4 U ^ 1>^^J
c-stju-oV fr U UjH ^l>Lil Jxitj ojj^j c ^l\ (cjU^ULi 4 jliJI) limestone
(tLua-j-JI cliffs c-Sji^-j^JI ji^So jjyjJl ^j^-ljjJI j-^E_?Jt jj) V ir> (Jjoa tj-LjSlj Lcj j in
j-^l->JI ^yja CjLj^jjiLII CjLj^ t JUCJ . 4j) jl-Hj^fl j-^J-i 4jjJua 4jjj-aJl
Ulu ,4^^ JKuil cbli 1 $ i^t; (jt .iLrttijfl iALH 84001 ^J-lUI
i JLw (jrl^J . Lljj^oj disCS (j-alj^Vl L^Jt* 4 i 1^*1 4^vj^ ^1 4^Uln a ^j-JwVi
^jJI U .S^lljui 4_^j ju S^-o^ 4_t_<^ t oLj^jj£JI ^ 4jjSL<j ALH 84001
S4jj1^j SjLs 4j^SLxj 2LqjJl^ Bjai,^ Lr B djLj^j^£L]| dJUb 4_LuaJ
jU til i _ r Sa j j j jjbj iRomanek ciJLuLojj o-^ij^ <La-j <r->\ A > , ^ U
4_^j-ij/ ^ jJ iJjjJL) JjL^ (^JlJIj tdjLj^jj£L]l j (jr^Ji 4_aj1 j j^H
. g.1 <jjjuij£>- 4^^_jJ! jru ^.j-jlII JuulII 4ilaja G>J J-cju ^jLa Jj^$J
5 in j< i^bjVl oljjySJlj ctfU- r„\,\ * LJUJI
jljJLl 4_^,ljjJ 4_i^j^aJI 4-jkIjV jljll ^j^ju 4JljJ ^ ^Lo-^SU < <^oijL-V-'< u*\
^pJl - 1:1^ jjLlj L) J_i>J t Cj Li ^jj^JJ 4_lLvI JlII d n.t l LjJlaLu/J i^JLA
jjbj iGibson J " .' J > '"'JJ *jj - I jl^. 4_ij^_c. ^1 ^ • jJ-p ti<_iL£
^yJJ jiaJJI 1 ni r <jl l)^ '" .' J > JL-^ . frl til I Q^uajj-jk jJ>j->» (jr-^J- b J >
jjk U>^J 'jj u> ( ■■ J > • ^ ^ d T~ '"^ J ^ Jjj ' » d McKay ^IS^a
. « 4_j£j_iil I j^itjuaJ! ^^ic. j-ifTl JjtJ J4t.ll Lxi^*j Lujj^
2UL>JL JjUil ^Nature 5 ^ ,Utl) « ^Lkjj-jJI ^U-JLJI 41^*1]
<jl I \y Vm mU Ld-uLfljj J>aj ♦Sjutoli cjL^fyi (Science ^LJI) h^^uLlm))
4_jvj J A * j j h ts> (jv ^jIjJIj SjIj^jx CjLwjJ JU£. CjJ^j Jl3 CjLjj-j^SUI CjL^
^j^t 4_l^v ^ .ALH 84001 (j^/^Jl j^^' cr^ ^Ui^j^SLn cjL^
jij^j Juiil 4ijL_u dLy» JjJji (^ii. ^jl^j C*jL^ LuJ-J 4_LitjjJll jj^- mil
j^SJj <84001
tLui 4j^f^j Jj n <»j"i n ^ ^ ^Lc jjj geochemistry ^jv^Jj^JI
tiUrtrtl (ji^. 4j^L>JII Strata Ol n jUll (.-ca.V^ L^j^SJ Lx^jJj-j^ 5j j ^ m i o 4 aU(4
^j^doJI < nm'^j tjj^S L^Luj I Juu ^jl l^jj^at lUrtfll jb( Cx^LjI
SjLiiljJI jLUXI LuLiL-oL 4jj^uI daAJtiJ Kewanee ^Ij-j^ ^>-^ ^
^jJ Lt>.jJj_L3» J-J-^aj jL JjloJLj I o Ifl 4j^SUj . l_4jjfc^l£jl 4j^j l Urtft Li 4_jJJL!I
^ J-*-a->. .Rice 5 t^Ufcj ^Ka Ldu$jLhl\ i-^jjJLLi 4^LaLlJ|
pi J o .ft I I (jJ^ J^j-£jJi]| j_a t L } _jwjJj_ ! _>JI ^ <?!jj_2^Jl1I 4_jwjJ C;r Lc Jj >^> tU
^ J^utli Lio^c ^ISLo ^213 t^jLtl] 3y,Ujtl 4 ... ,nj-JJ postdoctoral fellow
4jL^iII JjJ>0 JJkj J UJ**""J^ A 4JjJL4J mm 11 u j\ nil ^jljjUil « Luilj))
4jLSj jl. l m l <;l_u! UJ ' "J J A (jr-IJ (^K* * ^ nil ' " 'i j-j*. j^j-X
.dJLlA J-oJtJl (jjo JjJic ^jVI J-ft^fj ij-a-IiU ^j-ifujJl mi^"i i n^U ((LuiLj))
^l^Ldi l^^I^i yj^ti^ii fr iiiu,L , w ^i n ^LfljVi)^!
* l/' S Jt '^3 ^ L^JLuj! unmanned *L^a_a jIjj ^jjj ^ 4_pL^a_3 cjL^j-a
4Jj J — <a lJT B t^yjl in <i 11 jUjjI jj_joLj^j t jj« <"» 1 -w ijr j3\ CjI m til p U ♦ *
^ji^ l_£ij_juJI <LljLl£ ^^yic ^Lia-aJl jljj (^Jl1! _ ^LSLl ujlu! t.^.j Q^"' '"J)J A
4_«jLaJI jj V mil (JjIjI Jj-usjJI 4_ju3^_B _ ^LaJLA^U 3j^jitJLI 4j^if j-lailt
lJLlA CajI£ J-afl iSj-jiLo IjLfljl LiJJj OjI^» 4j ^Jb tiJUj ^l£La j^Jlu *j^T ^Jlx. Jys
j m j "ill j J ^ ( . nj j .« ^4jj onll j 4jjJiJI 4 * j iU (_)-3»j-ua5tJ CjLl^SJjJI ^jja
3 a J^c ^JJIj iALH 84001 ^J-yJ*
4_ijJL>JLl I ^ jj^- i^tl 4_p. oLuL^ ->>>J Jl <n -wl liILLa jL£ jl 1 <n'q
<<j <i a uJI 4_A_lj£ 4_±_^_L-t±AJL) 4-juTul ^ I'm j-^JLll jl 4,rtjrt*». ^C-j J-^- < j n ^ I I
jls ^(^yji) J j Vj idLJLl jj-a (jVj l$j->JI l_sMJlII j_a J£ Jl j-^Ioj
J^J *f\ mi-kV| Ju^I ^kiii J r SLpJI 1 <j v \ «sj JL3 JlJI CjIj^jJlHI 1 ' 1 1" 4_i_Aj
JLc- J t LaLcJ SjLlju jJuj OjI^ j fill J^- 4-J1 <i" jl ^X-jJl
i Jaj^l Jn 3l_j_>Jl JUj9 J^- U ^ «'J (lP ^ J-^>-j-II j)-« 3Ll_>J| aJu^J (U <u m£1 j)l
CjjL^ 1 n a 4-usjJs (^! jl t j_a LaL^j j Q n a <— SjLje^a ci oUM ^jj CjjL^ JlJLs
C i iS>-*L£ JLfljS iJaj>JI jp_uj>J j . Lu^^ jjj Ju£ j q fill J^C 3Lx5tU jJLuaJl 4_laLlLo
(jl (jMlol jjj j_a ^JL_*JI A irV\ t\ y J9 j — o — HI <j_a 4-i j I ->t,1 JJ— * — t-all
. 4_LaLiJI Ajj m.j II Jl plagues
(J-lLnj j>^J t jJJ^j I CjUlju < " < (j*n I v^yj^ mi til (jj-SJI jj-a <■— >1 m* k nil , \ rrr J^L>.
lju>-lj 4 It. J| 4 n o i*ttl (^LSLa CjLtudjJ CjjI *j q *i ml 4jj q Ml CjI m til
;4jjLc cj! <ij mi^ L^jJ)) ^L^o Jjjqj * agglutinates oLLu^i^VLj Si q mAI
ciJjL-ilj ^IjJa-uoVI Jt ri; dJ^S jJI *4j; ^ rtll Aj^JLJI ^Ijj^t Juu 4 j jlLc
ALH ^j^jJI j-j«tiJ (jr^tJ^II Jj-aVl . nl" j a ii^ 5 I—
I'unt^ LqJUCJ i^i^l jot 4lu_uljjJ LjjIjI ^9 S^jJLus 4_ia-^>. OLuutw J12 « 84001
4jkjJ Jl 4-a^j tjj^UVI ^ j-lu/LLoj ("iiln^ 4jjjc^u3 jjIjjI/ cr^J J ^jju-oJI CjLuaJI
Jjl iCjlj^J^JI CjLjj^ ^aLijjI Ciij 'v. t ^ Lgjlj^ILsfc-a cJiASLjj La^-j-C j-4J ^.^uaJI (jl
^j-uJI j-«JI jL^ *CjL^]| jJlA CjjjSa < 1 j! OJjl *4jjLc ^ti. CjJU
^j^, 4_>ol_l]| i <i^1l 4^ i mi J^laJ <"Mri"n 4j| J ^"i ^»J> I /ysj .4tU^ JUC M_JLfi ("("n"itl Jl
iSj^j 3^it_i^j r, m.jT djuk ij-^l^l <J$ .41x1 jlj LaIjj Jil shock fractures cjUju^JI
JL^ olj^j^II 4_j_JLc jl " «'t j_^j . 4j|_jtiJ 4 >lir> jjL*IL9 iclUj j^o ^i-jJI Jcj
Cj[jj^ (Ji-I^ j^-t-t-«iJ ^jI JLjljO d^^Ljojj tS^* J & t ' ' "^11 djjk Ja*-J (Ji-lj C<J^3
jt-J ^ic Jt JL>Jl 4 t j jUl l^jL^ . 1 $ i 1 "f US JLjJLj>»J J-4l Jc. iCjlj^J^Jl
Jj^wj Jt L^>^"' J^^-l L^t CjLjj^Lv Jt (Jjj" Vt JL^ 2LojJLoJI 4_j_itj^II 3j V tMl
Jt 4jlj CjLo^Lc- j>-C tltJtxJlj (j^AlL^o IjI j OJ) n > C^j^ijI L£)) ^1£L<j Jj_dJ . 3L_>-
6j3uaJI ^ S^9f>9JoJr6J^lll
ALH ^j-u3\ ^jsoJI ^jjo ^l^j 4_LljlII »t (jj_ijij^>. J^j-a ^3 jtU^-LjJI
^Vl P^j^J&Wl ^UiL, Ujuuj 5ujui2UI >aUJLIj VjJ A^n^l 84001
j-AL>JL1 V " ml CjLj^j^SLII ^]ys 4j^£J ^j-AJlII -Tr n tt <.«ltn*Mj • 2$Ja
j-a beams f >->■ jMioj ^ 5 ^-aL^JLI J_<^uj >oljjj "<<JVI
jIjGjLj SEMS ( V )5 I..UH 4_u$j "< IV I j-AL>JLt t"j ♦ l-SJL^JI JM-Jw Ujj^a
TEMs ( A )2L d -a^ J JLI ^jpSJVI >aUJLI Jsl^i Ulu ^U,,tl ^ ol^JSJVt
tij d 71 U j jhnti t^^tii) t(<-j^j^JLt 4_^^pSLJVI j^kL^JLl ^a) 4 1 Ti ,ntl
d-JajU 4ij » tl j>-*-aJt oJUb j^txjj .t-fl,\ flll Sjj <^ micTOSCOpistS
*djLl» ^j-cU '^SLcj j^jJI ^L^JJI 43j
I innM^I i3>pJl iULu^jj .tunneling 3jn nlllj 4-> n.lll ^u^pSUVI j-aUJJ
j^j-a ^ jrwvUI q-a I&jjlLj Ij j^o^ _ ^Lajj r.flj V"i«it 4 ALH 84001
rims c^jL£ 1 o*ijt .^LSj^j ^jjJ cj! j cjU^j^SLII cjLj-^ < < lr I jjt ^L<n ^11
jJkL>Jll (— ij-^la? i<JLiLjiiI 4 j -wjLjJI cjsIj^JI cjsI^L? Jucj .^ j . .,.:A |t|_,
ijjib-UI jlLI ^1 (elongated iL^tUI Cjr lJI bjit 3t mill ^jj^V!
i^jj^Lj Y* »j T* L^J ^-Ld ^ji^Iu (jA^j iOvoids nrmlU ^
w <J j'H j-^JkJI J-<0 LjLLjjJI ^jt-tlVi ^ j>, t ^1 , ,J (jf't'j' -T.ttt. Cliffs a jjl^Ji* fillA
■ Jtt ^^111 jkLuukVl j-ifc^ .OljJU^jUJt ljLLo aJjJo £-Lj p.<ny & tSjUl jJoLwJI shelf
4 i '''") CjI j trtj it ! J K fill C*jI£ >f 1 Alt (JJ < J^J^ Cr^W (jr^l <L±jui_lIL>
j^ja m<i . 1 LLlJl * microfossils 4j^j>JLI cjL^>J1 JL£_*il
^piLSj 1 3 nl ^ ^ 1 Jjl^ej Ijl^. j ; tn\\ j-a jJLu cjLj^Lj- (^aj .nanofossils
L^>.jL>. juw^jj (yJLdJjj jjJ CjLj^SJt ajtft J^-b iSj^AJI £JL& jllJ j^UI illlj Ji* * jjj-SL^ Y • *j
tJ JL^^jLt \ --jfl. (jru I i U o") L^JjIa ^jljJu Aju» in j 1 JLSL^Li ^ Mr tALH 8400I ^j^l j-?*-^'
t o^lUi ^ ropelike JL±-^JL 3 ^ m m.II elliptical 3 j^UUVI JlSLiVl
Jlj^JI C£*jb 'Luj-Sj
replica J^sVt julo 4,^ tl) 'i ^ j^ij iSj^^-aJi Oj^i-I -uil . ALH 84001 jm>J\
,V->n>3 ^ j^^^I u^jjSjJLJt JjJa t-jj^Liy .Cjti^jJiSJtf I ^U-i, Jjuoj jiaJill je-aX^ decomposition
?ALH 84001 qpfii^f j^ftlt 2***11 *UH>ti I j* felg ,|C
j-Jaj I jut ^SJ ,41^ Oru>L i , o ^stL ALH 84001 ^j-uJI >^>^1 j_Lj
jjjLUt j^t£, 4Jj-<u>JLl jjLUI jLuaiil taccretion ^LnU 4jlcr Jjuoj cjLIj
^ 4_Lb-iII ^J-1jjJo ^1 J jjj) j ->J 1 L»J Jua_3 lLUjl! t (>Lcol cdLuk
<? Juk 4_jL*JJ 4J_lLlo CjL_la^
Ju JU>o J-aLj 1 a, \ )c j-«VI 4-jjt <r> (JulLl^Uj .^j-i-Vl ^jjl toll 1 a
(J!jJ1>*j V .4_u39_Jl L j-c JL>-lj t-J-^* (jr^ L^j-^-S JuJ>-J V 4jj_£ j^g f.
^ 1$ M,,Li cjL_^ C;r ic ALH 84001 ^^-lUI j^>Jt ^ Sj^^II diL^J!
AV _ ^ jjj_4_ij^Ji jjja 4jUl1] 4 Ij CjI j q i i * _ ^j) j imIjj_l!1 jl i • _ ^jjj^jVl
. (( jJLuaJI ^^laLjlLo CjIj^JI
4 1 nillll 4_jl-Oj>J1 CJJt ij^, 1 1 <i q t^jLi-oJ! J in <?t! ( _)!u^i ti m L«-^J *4-lui
JL=wt >Lfl iJL^ (^1 (^icj . jj^JLl 3Lj>JI ry> 4jjIJli JK.luI Jj^J J^>^ L0L4J
j a nil Jlj£. 4j jJLuJu ^! < ^ r y j mJ jJI jju>Jl jJL^ jJuj ^ »L»LlII ^ J »>i (*i»J
Otu^Lj T , 1 J T M j-O-tJ I jJJLdJ ^1 I^Luaijj ^jJl (j^xJ^jjj) j yS\ JLj^I j^iJ t Ash
inill ^>>->* ^ throwaway 4_uUc_* SjJlj ^ ^U,^ du-L\ j^Vl <jL£» 4JL^
.«[ ALH 84001 >«JI S^^Ll] ^L^U jlc^j LiLi
iLugmair jjLjjv^J jJu^>.j i ^c.Kj uii jJLJs < o J-o-*3 SujkjJ^l*.
^MijUliLa J-LdLsj iPicking microscope ^ Ij.VmiLj . ^^Jk
cJj-c -o- 1 ^' * j <y ^ l^Lua-bj cjL^j^SJI <M (j^^J < magnetic separator
^ ^-^>- o * ^. t\ oi^-^J tCj ^^>^' residue 4JL<u {y* (>1>-a- jU < rt ..Vi IjjIj
J^Q-jJl JlJjL_>iJ "i" (j7 IlII AV-|> ^ J i l l *l Mlt l 4j^j1 ^ 4_J_-*SUI tfjLjfc <J J jU I
till j ^1 c ^yj] jjLti-ljj * l-Aj^ mi nj ij I jlr cj-^-jJu 4_dJjJcaJl
Jjl_jj (j-c rt-r ~n Cj Lj^jj^J I 3jL_4 o ^ (j' " ^ 0' f , CliLjjJjJLlI
jUj ^1 4 j >LvjJI jI jI! ^ ^jj-^b jjfcj iMaskelynite c^mK , ,,111
4cl>-u .,j K . .ill! ; if l£>->*! O- 1 ^" ^J^>J^J^ SjLo Cu! I jLJs .CjLoLLsjjMJ
^IjjIjJ J 3 jit <itl cjLxjjL-^JI tjl * <j 3jJ> ja j^h 2 - '^j-*-" ^ » j^*^ '^J
JjlJj ^ J-«^j . 4l^i^> ^ J22tHl £y* ju^j ^model-dependent ^i^*-tJI
»«jjjljfcj| j^^miII J>Lx IjLA
j^ol Cjlj^iJI jL*£. f JuJl_>o » q\ ^Jb (jiT ^Ij ^ 4j^ji^>JI 4_LiilJlj
4jc-uo <^ I jlj .« L0L4J L^j ^jJJ-ft jL^-C I Ju>- V 4 n jri -*J1 . 4jjt jJL)
6jiunJI 6^9p^oJI*6J^lll
Sin" tl cjULJI ^ JSL^JI ^SJ| 4jaU^L .j^JLl 4J^* oLj^iJU
<>i ^^JLi ^ iP-^ ^ ALH 84001 lA-^ 1 >^-> j|
ALH j^j^JJl j^*j>JI L^JjILstj ^^pJI ilj^l ijja ■ ,>>NI jjJt_d jjfc
y^j-* <jr^ U J LJ I ijtj^JLl 2ujjl5 3Ll_>. (jyl^ 84001
LujJ Lr^ - L^i-^ ^JH^^ oLj^^ <j I 4 iij iixl 4_^L>. 4j1 ir »l in nil
■ 4rti"^U magnetic minerals 4_u^LLUIl jjUll ^
J I ^jjc i <i^VI CjIj j , In, \ -r\\ lIiLj^j^o ^yfc 4 j mi jUI */« U ^jjt ♦ U * .lM ^1
(J£ < .., m^- *i < . yj n ( o « 4 .!„>-■ i j U 1 *( t ^ Jjj n » (j-a ^jjLtJLl (jj^Iuj . SLllfur Clo^jkSJI
(j I L>a l-^s' 4( _)l2>j^U ^ r mjULulII J La- oil tgj> jt <^ 4j-ua^j S^jI JIjQ * L^JLo
JLuo jjin"i ^J, I L^_Sijjlj £j7 3l1I - 4_aj_i_>Jl t^jLiU 4JLkJLo j Ll>- l_£ j Juj
^jl^j ^ jlII iferritin j^lj^aJI ^ ^ j La-oj^ LIj^jv Lj^^-JI oJla ^ JujuJI
t4 j < MjUl ? < <t j>L«->3 ^Jllj L^JLo (J-u-lo (JJLlaj tcorc 4jJ ^jja jujl>JI cjIjj
L-«ij t( jr^T.„ l, i „,.$V1j jujl_>JI v ^ >) — o * magnetite i"m " L^ol
.c^jjjSJIj juJl^JI j-* (jj^lb (^jJ! tgreigite c^^^>JI
^j-uJt j^t^jL uliLj^j^JI CjLjj-^ ^ C> . rt m » 1^ 1 iJ ^j}\ 4 j r.i jULiill (jjLtJLlj
4±l1<s 4_i_l^^j 4.i mij (^jJt) pyrrohotite Cxjjjj^uJIj t r, nj?>Ul ^ t ALH 84001
4jvL^ ^ I Jl4i J t /yo fUljJl ^yic *4 m ri'i C^OtJ^Jlj t^-rj-aeJ^Jl ^
1U : LSjUsILxj Ljjjlj L-l£j^J 4 JjJL>Jl J j rtl in tC^fcj^>Jlj 4 JuJljkJI
^j-* Cjljj J-Jj'j ^ J — ^ ^J^C ^j-o 4j£<La 4_jjlj — si Cj! J (j-4 o>&J
^ JLJJU>Jt Oljj <jf tj-^J -L^jjIlII L-taJjJl!l ^ 4 fltVud OJj-_tUI CjIj j
3jj (JlilitJ ^^4-2 t4j^LAJI jjLj-Xl ^u«_>J 4 j uijUmi ^Ij-iJl 4jjj-wJLl
Ca^JLjI Oj^i^J! CjI CjIjJ OjI£ qj Lo-l9 dx<Lfl 4-i^uLut
.^jJUlII (jJJ&J JLJJL>JI £A
L$Jl£Lit 4 . .Vij tljJL^^jU O'jS ^ ( ALH 84001 eA^ii 4_L_u^ ^
^1 4w..nUU*.ll l^^lo i^ojJl CjIjU^ Mill tiiljj 4-iaSHI 4-u!u
Jl£Li(j CjI J c< ui j* L^j? (j-A ^tjJi ^^k. * I fltj 'urn 4_jjl^jV| b^-pSLAI (^Uj
<ya jii f (^jJl ^Lst-^aJl >*jj-U ^ . Ljj w^jtl 1 {j " m (J ~A\ dilj Jl-A
La J if.)) 4jj^-DI j) I V" V 4-*^_U Ijj j j ^ _ q^Lftjj cJU*S ij uh i n r f
jjas^>Jl ^ Sj^wjJLl olj^JjiLJI ^ 4jui jULuLlI (jjUil 4_Jjj g.1 j o j'C jLiJ
.«[jjjlt (^k. 4_^jj^ 3L>. j^wj ^ic Ju>. JjJju Ij-5j>3 'r^^'
JLJ^I J? .Gil J'>m ^4}^SJl jL-J-txiL^t jL->^! Lj-J "<<jtt J-Li-a3 L*JU£.
j * j< IjJUl jIjJ L^jLs *Cj_i^eJj^JI /\ C<- L i3jj j JyJu>JI nlm
JjL^Iuj Jj-Sj . Laj^j 1 ii i fli t J< r.,)\ j ^j*j>JLj L^Kj tSLL-ljuaJ! Cj\ mi jULulII
Polytechnic 4_L^^JjJSiII ^W>^' ^1^1 >aj iFrankel J^jtj^
L^jjt^. jJLj 4-p* CjLuKJ CjMx-o^j l£LjlI *P T )4*j1jl1I CjlinjUlim 4.u..V^I
OSjLxj* L ylc U llxU O-^Ult ^JLJifrl ,u3 Ljj-i7v.Jl ^I^jI >-i-^»5
BJljljj-l^! 4-i.ii Cxj3jJ1 ^ 4^J ,4_i-£>3_Ji ^ e;t iJu^lj
.ALH 84001 >*^J! ^ jlaLIj ^1 cjL^oJ! ^U^l
^ (j mj «" 1 K 1 i4_ujL>J| 4LL_irjj Ji-uiVl ^^Vl <?L*jI 4^jJLja Ijjj j'^jll
^U-Uj t vertical chemical stratification 4j_^1j 4_ul jo j< 4-iiLLa* ^Jl^,
4j}j ^SUj _ dLuo ^ (jjJI ^-oljiJt L^il^JJ
4j t imULuUI LjJJ^ itl (jL^ _ JcJaojJI ^yJI <LdJ^-Ls 4j3j-JUS '^-iSLftJ tiJJjUj iJ-Aj-oVlj
j 7Tt (SLt^Jl jllB *iL1jJI J^-f ^ orientation SJ^j oIIUj
. 4 j < imULlxII j-uC. i l l ^jja L^Iuaj^Ul till I l_£j_IJ
i ii a f.\ j/y nU Qj) ' " y^j-& tfjjjL*-«j (^LSLo jLjjfljj < <1U i ALH 84001
^jLm <ys j^*) biomineralogist ^jJjjj ^Ijlc ^aj tVali ^LSs <dJI
<"iK iVi ^1 4 <n n V j U 5jlj^>J! CjL>-jJ <n;j .(IjuL^) JLjJLij-a <ya McGill
JL>*t (j^a J£ Cr iiL ^ " Vj Lgj I JL>.J lA>- (jJL^ (jjubjul iCjLjj_Jj^J! CjLjj^ L&JliC
0_lJJj-_j_JI t JjjL^Ji j rtlm lLUjlSj ii'il " J i^Ul J-AJ ( JUJLj>J! JL_j_L^L^t
/ya jjXtUa 1 4_pJl jjlL 4 o In Lt_xj Lajljjo jjl t^l Jj^JJ . C^j-asj^^jjJIj
(jiJj . JUJL>JI iHrtlmj JUJL^JI Jjm.<1 ^ jlu ( U ) 4jjL^UI CjVUJI
» (( 4 t <i*ij-ja 3jl^_>. 2L>^jj - i >^J cr^ U^J^ < i lr VI Lcu^jLs ( Llx 1 o i^^V ^1
1 1 j < i n \ 4 nr i<o 3jlj^->. CjLvjJ JllC Cxj^j CjLj^jj^JI CxjL^ I jLa t^LllLij
qj* -^J^-J j J mi (jlSL*J 4_3 j t mil jjj, 4j|j3 t^J^LojJ dJLjLojj (_^uj^ ^"in ml
^1 4iLubVljj . 4_uJaj^l 4_ijj3tlll r^A (jj/Uuf Lr l£. JUJL>J! JUnL-uj JL)JL>JI .hni^l
_ 4 iniiVia pH dLfcL ^jic. cjLVjj^SLII joJij (jjJI J^LhII ^La Jj^j tcdJi
.((^^1^ ino Jjise-o (^1 J 4ju3Jj_xj <:LaL} 1" i nj JUjL>Jl
^ 5j ^U<t,l JjJLr>JI , \ \ till n J JUJL>JI ,1 J Ml^t Cjl M I ^ L-bl mi'i^I (jLa ilaSL^J
^jj^-jJ 4wajV dJL_>.l j > ^ " Ah ~* a n Jj) "wj ^1 j j mij Cj Lj^j^SLI I CjLjj-^
jaJI ^in SLp £*3ul\
L-dLtiaj ^LHIj cyta- 4_j]& L_al i^j L*AJL»J t4 j mi jULixU JjjLjlII jVjjo <jt^jj
Lg^LjjJU ^ ' ^ " * 1 *J . oLij-JJ Li-flLual Lo-LuLfll ^JLdJ i JuJu>JI (jr JI OjjjSLJI
U3_^>U SULLkll cAI^I
L^-ljSuJ! tj-A-j^Ld t,3 jri^- < (i ^Vl 3 j j n *^ 4 nil i hn" -h" tJUiJtl Jj i i n
iOLjjjjSLli 4_J& Ojj£j (jlSLa ^ Jj 1 4 i (i JjL^Ii ^ JuJL>Jl ,1 jrtldij Cjlu-v UI
tjl jl iV L>j .JjjlaJI IjiA <jja Oj^o JLfl 4-pJI oLulSLM <j! Cr I^ J^JU LjJij^j
CjLjj^ (^-3 Sjjj^ll dill] 5 j .1 r.. A 4 j i n j UU-t-xa (jjLt—a ^Luj I ^ X <n bj j jt l
cr^ thP^J^ jljJl>JI ,\m1mij jlijl>JI , > j i h^V ^^^j^j-JI JjudVI iCjLjjjjiJI
. UU] r, in pi <ut (>q ^jJI ^ tVjnt a jJuj ALH 84001 ^j^lli
Lujj A jlL£ ,\ $ i<n t^^j * > j-^j iKirschvink <Mm A ni^ji lJlj)j_^ J>-2j
ALH 84001 if* cJiA-.<l ^1 g5LUJl ^ A^L^jj^&iij
UlSLa L<wj , SLpJI
( j^Hp (jr d L_ujj-A_lIL^ 4_t-<aL>- ^ya jj) < >> I Schopf (_3j_u!u ^J-iJ (j-A Lulls)) 4ij_ia_)
Ljjlj JU9j .5UjJL-2JI SLl-^JI CjLa^Lc ^ 4_*^ 3-6-* tBjliaJ) #:L5JV (j^^l^j?
JL9 Structures ^jju ^^i^. J>^1 4 j n< j ^ji^ i 4 * ) n j (j5 tj^OJ L*J Ljj-^lj it_3j-J)
2 U 1 1 2 ^ ,u ^tl jl^ll jl^j (jl Lc^ul 1 ijir (jL£ '.4_j_>- dsLoL^ I ^"
(jx. IjW j j (j! dJLlA tjrj!o-L±J! ^yl^. (jL£ ipLua-flU ^.j^ijjjw j^j-« ^ (jrj-LaL»JI
^jJ (jL^» dJLul_Ajj J^-^j . <Lj j «>> t I I oLIj^JI (_sLj»-l^l ^ ^1 j 1
tii)jL>.l cJLIa (jjSH^j cnv * jjj-fljLu-u 4jl^L>- L^jVLl^jI ^Ljjj_i^ _ ^LijjJ
j]g ^j^ j,„j Zare jlj jjLIjjj JaaJI LjTjlj IjJ .cjIj jm i nll lj Sj^vVl
.« )\\o ^Uil j_uj ^ Clemett
ALH 84001 cjpSjmJJ ^a1! ^ *LS jll tiLtf 1$ jlj >*#
^Lu^kVI 4^_Jjj j^-lU! ^>-i^j< ^ jjIj >a>j i jlj jjLIIjj ^
: cr i4ll <OJLS ^ t ( w ) (j>JUI 4_t ^JUbj-l-L ^P-cJLl ^
tCr Lc ii^> m." ^pJI 4 1 *\jX\ 3 Ut ... ^National Science Board ^rllo^JI
Jj^jftlJ ^ < 11 jJLuaJll (jr^j t(NSF) ^LulojJI 4 ■ n 1 n ji, I 4_i_uLu-u (juiajj
(jjLfcjt) JuM A jK 4JjJ^o ^ jlj jjj «SjLA,lU CjLjVjJI ^ ^UJl iS ~r jll
jjL>JI tHerschbach ^1 i ni^-xA <^Jjj-i ^Ijj "£jJ! 4JLlL^j m
.4^1 ,.«,<,H o^UU!
j!3 J J " ^* * ■ a ^-*" (^Jj) Clemett i'wj W {(ig^JI ^j) Zarejlj ijLiljj J-a JS jL5
:jj)>Mt) L^j>Jj j^O-* ALH 84001 tAP^ 1 j^^l^S^^tt^lj^SJ! ub^^jJ J^It
<ys postdoctoral fellow atjjJ^jJI juu J^ojJb UiLc, jlj u r..
q at t <ij uiTlLi-uLo 1 1 fl« * Li, o 1 1 I J-C.I 11,1 a jjkLLul j^-C ^3 i^jij^Jjf£ 4_fcjoL>.
4 * , <n jy^ 3 .(MIT) L^jtj^-Jj
fjL— uaj V c..JiAtl JjuLju! <jt L7 Lc (jlS {j£J h.imi ^Jlj t^l ^ itlj
^ri^ot £>L u i** nj^Aj ^jlSjV ..u^.r ^1 c«^rw^j . stainless steel
jLi jll^jlJI o^_jl>. i LojlL^.)) ^ JLiJa . Ij^ju-o ^^>-j {j&i ^ j\j o^-i »«j j '^tb
djjfc CajL£ . 1 rtlUa (^ijj J-^' (*J (jy >L ^1 **W>rf-^ ^ "i 1 CjVVI j 1IV4
A\ \7C\ jjiol Cjj^» LxysjJ^ 4_»_^Lw t^l <>> a\ jJI (Jltii^jl jlj ^jCb
3 JjV 4_La cjIju (jjJI ji-SJLl >a tdJi . gaseous phase 4_»jLjt]l iLw^II
jlj ^<n.i i ) ^VY . ^Lix-jSLjIj ^Li^-jjji ^jll ^ «Gj^i jij (.^r^^,,,,
SjLstlll lLiL/^U ^jjiJi J^-LciJi JLdajMJ j-i-a (J^sjJlI 4->l y " i kVL 4 mfl<t
jlj jij^V q ^-i »L> <£i^]Ljo Sjjjuaj lJSj-*j t JjLa j-jJiit-xi (jjn-Ujj ^ I j o U j^_lL^
Lo 4Ju£. Jiwlj oL^jil ^ 4ij,u^Tl oLuiSJI J^i>o ^ (j^aTtiej (jjJI *Zarelab
4 m <tl u l r j3-j11I 4 t uil "i -vl—jJI (^JLLsj iciiJj j^o Vjo^ . 1 ^ n\ ^
*« Ijj ut^o 3^9 4Urt*i Jufc t<LuLj4_i£J1 O^js Mill J^sJ jj-iUI ^JLscjjou
^ jlj Jji_c. ^LLaj^j 1 jlr CjLta/lj^ t-JLLa v Cm- o -jK <ij m i J>-Sj
dUju (^Iaj ,«*L_*j£ (jjj ^ - ^ n 1^jJ» ALH 84001 ^J-Jil
(jr^ '-^^J- 4 i Uji^jjI AjV j 4ju*L>- <j-a ^^^J^-ljwj ^1 j jjfej tBuseck
^j-d J-^J L^jV L±i_Jj J-t-flJ ^ ^ ■ ^ I tL.M inTl qC <GJLj-u 1 fl^lf J t4-J^j_UA|
oJLA (J 3 4_OL <,S-r n j^jJI La : 4_1JL-oj-J9 t(Jr h) <r> > dJU j . >>> .ill
1 n *w 1 o " (j a tlUj ^ ilt JUoJ * 1 ^ j ><3 I J>j-j>.j^a ^tjr 4 -" l£ ' 'Lr' (J^-^ ^J^— =*^*^l
^y^ij .((4-j^-ijlII jLjcjvVI JLt^a S^jfu C < j mi *i^t JJ&\ 2bL^> (jr^J ' 1 fl**< < nljju
CjLcLjjjl (jl^. J ^^HJI ^.mmi y "Tl CjIjjLL tjl 4-J>-jJ ^yjl t 3ju J_(i SjljJuj
^1 4^jJL l^jji-s^ (jl , Sticky 4^jJ jij^o ^IjitluuL \ $ t o ^,1 <j\ \ $ iSLgj 4-JLc
Jo Mil t«4JL&jL4 4j>.jJli 4_La_ut_^5^ 4j_o» Jl of Li ^J-^ L^^J UjLsj ( J^w ^ <>i rt i
.( Y M3juiiLi oLu-ju ^.jLuJI 4jjL2_^j iCjIjmJLl Jj^jlII >U i ^ H ^ JoLL^Jl
^jjirni'ill J-axIt < tlrl (j? ^^l^. idiJ ju jr^jL*-Jl J-^ >^ L^PAii
jl) 4„x<a ,„j ^jJI t i->MiK i^ju ^ ^ j2 ALH 84001 ^j^-Ll! ^^Jl
j^Kj Chillier j-dx^j^uJaLiw Lubj ^IjjI^jlII juu Lo 4JLoj ^yk, (>JLoL>JI
»Maechling g- ?l
C«-L4..J.K ^JJ^JLlmJ \2>J-LJl£— (J-uLo^J
^psj^l jljj (JjJL>o ^yaj) irt -^j 4_j3j_jlII ^ j j i ^ jJlJs Jt <iILj jij j j "i t a
cro jl j til cjLJjj-^w ^1*. ^jLjtjl J>L^v /ys extraterrestrial ^ j iXjI^UI
cAqjv ; unconscious bias ^Ij^Ul j^tlj! ^ JjJbtlJI Ijl^j jlaJJ^ .^^jSJI
»
t-^-xa fj] ^Jit3 cjUj-c i^f) blanks m r >n j|j UlUr ! ier ubUI
4JLujJLl CjLl_x»JI ^jJSU .((UjIjjlSJ Lv^ y ljL-JL>.l I jla .(^LqIaMJ *
* ALH 84001 ^JoJJI
4 ♦Unl ^^jU-j^-^JI t-tj-S^-lII ^j^xjLjJ ^yJLUI (jLSUI jjt jlj j_juJtj3
4jjjlr.lt cjLlilll ojL£ .SJLuJI ci^L ^ Cy* ALH 84001 j^J!
. 4-jJtJ^Jtl 3j-ic-uaJI 3^ t ♦ mil rill lilLj 4j_ju3>j( Cjljjj^>. 4^1 ml
iL7 jj^J? JL*_>oj (jl ri h -V a ^Ijj3-jJ ^LcLt-i (3-lL> (.:, U.-V * vacuum chamber
till3 J^Ij cjLLj^JI class LLu-o ^LiJI jJ>_JJI ^L»_ii ur llil LoJLu
JU2J .4Jj-*J crJ^' J>^' ^UJl/ f[l (^jJl < n^tl dill* ^ <>> oLL)^>Ji
J J Isr T< II ^yA 4 '/J.t 4 C-tjjLwiV LliLc I^)-^-j0 jlj ^ Cl ^fc a ^j^Q 4 Jirt?JI ^ Ju4> C*J,t >.
^yJJ ^ jt < nj ^Td"' b Cr^' jlj 4-3jijJo 4jjLLo LuSL^jj . ^Lx^oSUI
SjI^>JI jLjj 4_ljvjj (jJjia ^>£- (J^-J « rtlntn \ $'t a jj-uo 3jLli <*r<^l
jl ^j^>JI JlLo * > U ri^ Jl>.Ij i-Ls^jJ*. ti-uall j-jloJLI dalaitj iL_flLJVl aJJt (j^i
JfU iCTj-JtA Jj-ll UJJJ (j- 4 *-3LjjVt j|jL£.f L.<.m>i" liilj JLfc_)J ,(^SijaaJ|
. M^/i *— 3 j) mil
jjylill 4 rtln <t,l jLlo-V j-^->Jll >o 4_LliJI Jj^s^J j^-ulj flj^tl ^1:3 tjlj j i "tjcft ^yS
4jl^j J£ djjL>Jj .infrared laser *| j^JI <jJ-> ^JuiVl jj>_J ^Lui 1 ^jir jj^^u,
JljJ& 3 * M ,t (jllaj *j3-f^l iy 6 j^-T £jj ^ Let * mi (Jj^-iJI (J^l * ( TT )5— uljj^^i^
3j-r ,.i rtrMI 4juiVl Cj^fj -SUjAl tl JjUI ^stj * ultraviolet radiation 2*y ...
4 j mi nijll j^Ja 4 t MiVl j^jj «.U, ,u« jj^U .ionization <jjLIN ^j-uL *-Bjju
( 4_uL_UI cjLij mi,>J1 ^^jjIj <jl JL>JLl Ijl^J l> u-Jj .4-u1^>Jl 3j^>J1
2j^>JI j-t^ L^il^JLajj .4jLa1l4 cjLcj^u ^1 4JjhJtl CjLI^JI accelerates £><-uj
jjjUl (jJJ 4^Ub^L) tL^jj-uDj O^Ij! l^joLLajjl J_3tu_u Ifljjk ijjllll
^jjo 4-nilL>Jll £j jjVl ^jru (Jj^ilJI jlj j— j *Va (3i>^ t ^ Ljj j <i 11 4 Uj mi A\ ^jLJLl
SjJb ^ f\J-^ ~* t-iJj^>Jl Jt Trj M^jJI 4 I II n't MtUj . ^yJj fi^W JL>JLl
cjLIj^^JI o£j-j>u jlIs <4 in energy input 4iLLaJ! Jjjxjuo
JJLC L-jl iii-w J^j^-Ls ^jJ^j . ((^jLo Mill jij 1 1 t j LojIj (—dLsblJL^ i&\ Ji -sll ^IjjLSbJ
c-iL m "fc. (jjo jlj j^Jj-^ d>^*J l!Lo 4-uojI i)JL>»j £ _ r Ui CjLqI JlLajusVl
jjuJLl species ^jHI ^ L^j^ju 4 c<rtM.<j 4]^ JSJ oLL^kJI jjul
.Cjlln^t Jj^ Mi<i?jH 4juiVI j^_J L^jjf CjLjj^l^JI ' Ji-I J
^j-^ I Juw IjuJ^ dJLul 4-Lal mi j 1 y^llu j j mi A" 4_ij_jL^-£aJI p d d ^ ^
<*i jaII ur** SU> icull
4-t-Lul JL-uJI Sjjl.'fr 111 ^jJLJI ^ J? jrUji <y3 ^-ksiU ^1 (oLj^JM^j^jLJjb)
^^Lj-a-jSJI t j ^ Jilaj <^Ulj *(cjL*L>J1 2ajjLc) hexagonal £>L^>Vl
. C5H5 LT £b 4-ajLoXII l^iitiu* ^lllLjj tj^wjjJu^JI CjIjJ ^ C^J
H
H
I
c
I
H
c t
H H
.^UwtjLuJI \&<, u ^^Lbt jls^I jli^Hu^j Jjj^j ^"1 i i I -w ^ j^Li <naphthalene
^JL Q-a J3I 0^ .Sj^lj U>i>^ 3jJu J£ J^H^ * 1-4^. j jro^j^. v j ^1 1
^1^1 j '.ll,>»j. Kit JUL^a X^^j^ li-Lj^ps .^f^ jux-UUI
<jl Q jljlrtt l VI ^_Lt-J t43j-4-(i (_( 1 iiVst LiA (J-^J t^jLc j-lL ^yj l J <lj£
Jjl^ 4 < (i n\ jj <r^"iti 4jjJ <jL£ Cooper • ^ . I 4 ml L,„\ilVC ml Lul j oj^
CjLJj^) Annalen der Chemie 4_oUVl iUJLl o^J 0^
uUk ^ yjl jl ^JLt ALH 84001 j^>Ji J^b 1 a .lr
J^jwjj J — J — I J (jjJjS3\ oijli J-xi^ J J — C ^jJJ 4 — si loV L> i^^JjJuJl
3 j-j-c. ^jnAj t PAHs oLoL>JI 3ju, v r 4-uL^ajjVl CjIj^j^jijJlx-^JI
SjbJLC 4_ul_fljjVl \j %j <jj t ^ j U * 4<i hi a ^j^j tSLL^La 3 jJ, 4-Jj
oLj^j^j^ju^J) u^Liu£! (jlSU ttiilj L3 -Li Ijj) t<~\n* ^-4^1 ^jl^ jjj .«oL2lL>JI
j^j ALH 8^01 ^J^il j«*Jt Ji-b oUUJ! Sjujlc 4^3LojjVl
l U^3 * j CjI A o Ldbfrijj Cu^j L^j(j Lr^- J -ij-^-J 4jIj
t3Lj ^tl J>^J ^r^- !vLjJj CjLo1>JI SjUJLX. 4_uUijjVl O U yjS^j A-x-gJ i
jLat^Vlj ^interstellar space ^j^tHI jru »l <>>AH J!u t 3Lj>JI ^
. 4 _yj£^JI (jr^j jLill CjIjJj i4 fill 4^^j ill
■
£j jaJI 5Lp ia*J|
ol jl «*r M„V1 J5u» _ ^U^aMI U pSI op> *ALH 84001 ^j-uJI j^Ji
cjU^j^j^jl^JI (jru spatial correlation ^j^pJI ikLjjVI cufj Lajuu£» JjJb
U U r I q] lyic : JjJaf j iCjLj^jplJlj oLlLsJl SjbJL-c 4_ uL_«$jVl
jJlL) g-1 ~ m .V1 ^ J-flb j'j U' f^J ur^- '(jrl? ^ J^Lh- 5 ' (>*J
\\ llUj jIj j^jJuj . Jjjc-Ji j nin ^"i anonymity 4_lLLAJI ^ ^ i.< ,u
Jiic 43 Li 4-4^>a lLLIj Cul^ ^Jbo ^! ^1 La^.^ jLil (j- rtV m i ^ j^t f^J cr^"
4 j ) U^J 1 4_L4JjL^Vl lj-<uj^«i j_iia->.? CLu^» ^ $y JjLJ
^LlJI ^J-xJt <>9 (j UiA l J ^1 jlj j j U J J-Bj-Ill jjja 4j1 ^jLLo j-jitJ Lg^jl
j.jL-du jjfea t j-j T i^ .) Jj-LJt < i 1 1n juu ^ U (Mil j jlj J-uoj 1 1 <j j I I 4j>-L>J!
^j^SLj ^jl ^JLx, J£ ^^lc c_ <_aej >-. ,»^> 4jI ^.itj V udJj tCji jUt.U ^
Laj-Itfl CjljUt « Sjlijl^ CjIj, j i ii <Tt j j) ^^jub (jr^'j j jj t,*t
.(( Lkj^JLuXJ (j! jjjiUU -jySL<U ^j! Jail ^jLAjJ ^1 4>.LtJ dulS
J*U I j! 4_ik Jj^hJI ^ L* .UmMLi ALH 84001
(jri£jjua iS^ajLoil 4JLU2J! CjIj) '< « nil ^cAJj I j-oc 1 < r>j (jl < L4J jSo juijIjjj
SLo- Jjl iVi^I (jjSLa ^j? ^£L<u La _ ^yij jl - CjLuV ^JjJ ^jl
Luj 4j! ^yJl j a miJ ^LJj jruuLLu^ ?.Ulc 4jMj Jl>.j i ^ ^^"l J I O *^^J (JT 3
« J-uij ^jcj>.)) jjfcj tEETA 79001 (Jf iej^ ^^^u j-^cj>. ^^-S Sl,j>. cdLufc C-ul^
,SNC ^J^illl jL«.!>U crK^II Ji-oVl 4^x3 ^ Ja^AJl J^aJt 4J ^
EETA ^3-,uJl j-^>JI j. .o.t> * ALH 84001 ^j^Jdl <jMj
j^tj ^ <^>q 4j ( L*^ t< U 5^ 4lt4j ^ * 4 ' ^f-iu-o 79001
. 4_u^l>JI ^jjUrttl jbt>.Vt ^juL-d
j r 'jW OsJ^fLS *ALH 84001 t^-uJi >«Jt jL^L i>Ug ju*-»j
— jdJa ^jkj iGardy ^jjl — ^ — «j * Wright c^jIj <jUj tPillinger
jA^JIj (jy $^j,<H jl*->J1 1 JLA CjLllC (j-a^t^ SjLcL kC jJui lUtl j-jjllli
>-*^*!l ^ Ji>b jl^j iEETA 79001 ^j-i-tfl
j-aj ^methane <j^±^ ^ CajjSo L$j! jjuj cjL^a ^Jl^. ALH 84001 ^J^ill
<j-A EETA 79001 >*^t ^ <_iJt *J^* J^oj Ijjua <jf
^ jlj j-j"*** a (Jj^Js I j_*5 ^ylji PAHs CjLoL>JI Sjujl_c
ULll^i \ 3 n n^Q^LLjj^JI fLJaJI^. ALH 84001 ^j^iJI
^jJ Sj^jJLI cdl3 4 , ,V» EETA 79001 ^S>oJLJI ^ T - ojj>SLJIj
4„< uii Ti djub Ujj^j I jU .(j^jVI (jylc Sj^jJU L^jLj-i-^j 4_i_>JI cjL£j1>JU
jjuu ju)3 >T _ (j^^LJt ^ T „. ^j^jj^Jj I t, , „* t diLUj tjl {jJJ 4_l^>JI
EETA ^J-ull (>j -4^>Ji ^uL jIjJLI <ya 4 ,.,,wtl ^ (>c 4^LU ^
2l..m..i» 4^u^ ^ r . o^^ 1 l^! ^ r - u&AU ^KJI 4 c^K J9001
olJb)_>JI ^ U>?>^' t La j. ^ r. j_Jp.l (jr l£. 5jij_jwjJLI
i4jjJL>. 4_l>.jJj-c>. ujLo->.| (j^*- O^ljuil L^Jj L$j) Jj u_ <.i n (ji f i nil (jrt-i^
ALH 84001 ^j-uJl >^JL) <2Lol! ^LuJI UiM^ ^jG Sjujuc
^jjl Jjt^Li^-uiu 5JjV t^ysj^sJLi^ j^j^jJLl liJjL-JL) ^Ij^Jl cal . n7<£U
LoLcj IjuJu* ^ it a ^i^r ^JjJiJI jjj-U (jr in SLpJI 4_uljLi JlfSLil -i_^>*J (
^ (jJU-J ^^aitui L^Lcj Jj) n t U ^ys Jjl>o ^^IaJI j-cJL>Jll CjLoU-C jl
j^lj J^j2 (^ric Jj-L^jtiJj , jc-jjJLL 3rtU"ill jLp->U L^Lww j^Vl Jjuijl jjjj
jl jJsl Li* ^)hnn 41a! ^ Uj oLx^I ^iVI djui 4jL*VI ^1 , ALH 84001
1
^ L^iiljL^l L»1jJl£ (j^^IaJI JjL^tll LL»0^j
^j5c_>JI ^_oJ 31 jl^ <o>, iVi < tcLft£L>JLl icLa
SLp* Jj-skj JLcjj>.V 4-jLbjLJLl 2^*-j>JIj oJuJIi
(J_j_*j I m ^ <yj t 4 j <>> nil dJUb • ^-j^Jll ^ ^
. 4_bV1 ^ ^jl , fl f| J , ^ 1 1 4_jx-^l_JLo
4 — *— — « J — *J J— « t» fj\ j al -kXI
juJLojj L^j , \ is, rtj cross-examination
aj ^Ls — ZL^J ^? ^! jL^Joi ^Jl rebuttal
i JL^>J! 4_jt_} ilajj . 4_jljV j—jL-u 4_jL> 4_u_Ll
J — i
1 er-
J <1 "^ .a t h in 1 (J-Q-C 1 Jut) ^jU
Luj .J-^ 1 S-^J • ALH 84001 er^^ 1 J^^ 1
Ij^^UIj ^j-tUI j-*j>Ji (^J^, (-dllji ^yic < fc M I 4jjL^<i ^j-^ L-^ui
jj J)JjH ^_t£. CjLLml!! (jf LT i^. ^lj3JL!l J-^i t(JL>- . 4 j mi o miH
<ut *[£.S)1\ cpJI JAill ^ $ 2LpJI oi^l^l <>• VUl^I ^!
. ^c_JjJLl 4jqjJjfl BLjJV -i^>-J i. H im
JUjjt Uj^-c jJuj e>jJx-i<a ALH 84001 ^^^^JLl >-*^J! ol P)
L^_j_j£LjJI ^j^* ; CjL^e-Ttla L^Jl K nilj 1 ^ j J ^IjJ 4 ji Mil (jr lllj t JjJL a II
3JUJLC 2LuL«jjVl CjLj^jj^jji \j ^TLt e\ o miU >>> til Cjlljj->JI j-^Jaj (0)
ICjLj^j^SJI CjLj^ JJwl j 4 jlj i^t Sjj mi (PAHs) CjLoUJI
.^jVl ^JLc 2LpJI cjLuKJI JL*j ^ 4j>JUJi Liiili 4^jim,
i nlr i Jj i^t n"TLt JjJuJI ^jJU (jt Jj^ Lul ^L^jlI! l>^HJ Jj^?
JajSALH 84001 t^jjlt J-^l
£)L£ Lftjj j 1 ^ nil <jl J j_oj ^jf 4J3J UL9^ L>^ ^«(j-^L-<-">> fljj null
^jlJ ^L^ l\Ua S<GLxjJ <j£Uj V ilufe t defendant 4 \c ^jl^J] L£>U*
^jlU j>^j culj C 1 ) (DNA) LjJI
*4jjJLo ^ (JjJjlJI ^La^b VjaJm * 4 dr ^jJLl 'Mj 'L?^ ^ cr^"
Ju>d J J-Jj lULlA ^jfL> i t 4 t i^a 3jj) LiUj C-uJb <jl 4JSL<u V t JL>4
(jLj 4jp n » a 3jj <^n ^j^>j 1 * iCiLjiiVI tL_tC 4j1 jU <j-1lJ J^-sta
tp^_uLl>Jt <jr\-al>Jd Jj-«J .J I j « .ill ljufc 4\$ t a 4_jL^I eilLufc C«-<u-tl
2L]j^l ^yic SjJ^j Ljj-cj *.« I» ^^jcL^JU Jj o j ii< itdJ jJj v* j^ 1 ^ ^ *j
Cf itJjJ l l j-at>«Jl jJ.ma ^j? j-j-*^JI (Jajj tVj! .SLpJl ->>>-j Cr i£. 4JjL^ ^Lcj^t
\a a (j-SJ i4 f 1 (i j^_j>L) i , (^JJ j-j^>j j l<t f jjtj i^jjJLl jjk ALH 84001
.SLpJl L7 l£, 4Jl J cliLo^lc. (jifi- t C«l»o 3j V <rttl CjJi\£ I U-C d Cr Ai L^xitJ V
3jitj-aJI ^ dJyvjJll oIj^ji^SJI CjLj^^jI ill m ^LlJ^l ^jf ^ (js^ 11 -^ 1 ^H L ^
tj\ ^ ^LcjVI .(-iilj ^>1*^ ^o^J? mii^ <4JjL_u a\jua ^^>-J CxJ^So
^yk. ojSuj CjLj^j^JI CjL^ (j! l^Jaj t3Ljj>JI J^rvj ^^k- L*L>U9 >LJj ^JLflj cdlj
dLxll J4->-J tjj . 4_l>.jJ^j .dl j.j r t 4 j t j Inti tloo SjljJLwj 4jj ^ . .i t i ysJ^\
0&r^.3 i JJjIl ^Li_>Ji J>4^J 4^>>5 l^La cJK 4^1 ,Un> j^lA,
^Lij^i i^yj-Li JoLU] 4- tjT i Cj^Io cjLj^jj^JI jji ^ jL^Lli jf jl_lj>JI ^
^Aj tCJUUl JuJI Lot . JjtiJLi CjJLx Iju* >^W* JJj j ■ «jj <Ul£.
U-LSJ ,4_j>L^ JLSLiL 4^jti^ ^ t (°) 4a^jSjyi j^UJtLt r.Urt'H ^pJi s^^Jtl
SLljv J>j>.j ^.k. Sji^jJUj 4j^ILaJtl CjL^M-aJI jru ^jz Jlju Cell Walls jjL-x
iOjjSj jLs cjIj 1 rij A\ (jjSi <jt LaLu J^L^JLl , L ^jVl (jLi fossil life ^UjjJl^I
(jj-J U^ 4_u Juus Cjl_u_up (jja t( JI jjv^I /ya (jr^ ( " '/ ^^H-W <? Ju4> J« ^ t ^
J j nli nj JuJ-^JI J j i ii M ^ J£ ^j>a juuluJu JjILj (j^U-J t . 4 m n LTU^b V ,
uj J 6-* U3^' lj^ - ^Uj ■ JSJI ^lLu (PAHs)
4_ca_<v^t_AiJ ^jVl ol^LcJIj 4_j_S^_jJ1 jL*^>.VI JLa^o ^ 4_j*_^ t Anders
iSchopf Jjj aLjJj c j-aj t« i» ^yiL^JLl ,<u-ul 4 jlr ^jJI^ t4_t Mill
.^^j^l j j r l£. 3Lj_>Jl JoUjI (JjIjLj j j i ^ ^-Aj t«i_j>) ^^L^kJLI 4 j q mi 1 (jl tjSLcj (^Ixil j
^ n u^ll ^j^flj-LaJI (jru ^j-o ,^^1 4jl (jylc ^^ilji t4lal^ ^LorsJI t n mi^ 4jti*-alj
jaJi L_jJtU 4 mi rt > |j-<i t^JjJLl (jyk. 4 <uJ—9 J^jv a JLqj-^I J^^v SjJtbLJLl (J7 ^
4jI J^jats Lit Lol . L=t^j^o j^oVl Ja^J 4jjVl ^ Jjli 4 ... o ^ JL ^yuuJLA >A
.«cI!LlA> 3Lo- Jl^jj V 4jI Lbjl J^oJLl ^ 4JSU i( Jj»l«
^ylJIj itCjj-ojjLui)) 4Jbe_o (JJ ^ SjjaljJL! ^LSLa (3J>S 4_]ULa ^ jln mil J5l*
£JjJJ ^yic Jo 3L>. -l^J ^^Ll }LjJ_>)) Jju 4-c*l4->J1 dJufc ^jl CU-uaLx
4 . *U Ij9 1 — ^ — Ij <2J Lg_j| 4_S_lS_>J LaLftJ 0>^J jLa JtJ>Il Ly^- *
?t o > "ij jit *n 1 3 j ... "It U ^ a jljvIj c_uLj>* j^yS (-3j_du Jjj
Jji JjJs i^jj.ui tl\ jj-SJl cj! lm"i,l.iI1 jlox. j^>-'j? ^ .«moon dust <i rtlt
L7 Lo ^jf J-SUj ^jJ! trange ^jdl ^ j i A jlju ^^k.
^_lUI L^3Ulj->-j « LljuLj)) 4JL^j dJic I 1 aj'<f . 1 Tm t n j! Lb j-ua3 <j! ^ J'^^J
^jlojI .^jVI ijj ^ fltl j Lull I O U j iT ^yi jjuu f gjL\ m«1
^ l^j JiLiljvVI ^ ^£.jJ! ^ (jr^ ^ J*^ ^ ^J^Lj
.sterile k^Zjua <-3jjJo cuo 4jIju
^1 JL»J1 dJUfe *^>-J i IjLaj jjJUl ( t <"K t^ypUTI jLLaVI joir> jLLm
ALH 84001 ^j^JI >^>Ji ^>^*j ^1 aj/VI oh ^Lm—Vl
4_uUll jdl /yj 3 L^j "i ( nt.l CjL^I **i m i nVI j j i ii JjqISJIj J)U **m fiLj^Uajj
4 ^ j in CjI jU* a L;r in ^gj U I j Lr £j>_iin (J-ljvjjI j-*-^>- tjL^» jjJUl Jj_ij . 4j Js^U
d>jl,t,ja Lc JibJ . ^jj r if J lin 3 JL_LJ>» CjLtliJLJJ LijJ^l (jVlj . i ii J Mil tCsj
(JjljuJl ^i ^ij <jt ^jJLl (jrLc. ^^SU *^y>.^Jj_u (J-to! (J^Ij-jj <-IjLjLj_JI ^jl jL^Jal
JLK-1_LlaiJ
CjLj^ j j i tt rtl t-_i j^l ^jl 3^SLs j^ya Vjl ^jl jj^' JjL>»jj
jj! 4 n j ^ ^1 LL^Ltlbl ("nil jj . 4_j_>.^Jj_u CjL-lLq_C. Jij_^.j j^fc CjLjjj^£JI
ALH 84001 ^j^JI j^>Ji St^dl cjU^j^I i^k^V ^JL^
t iSjj^HJLl cjL^I JS-Ij j^>.I (jj! ^l£L« ^ 1 ^ r jj ^ variation LuLu
Qjj^SJ! >L_^ j-fl^J ^jJtj (ul jJLI ji^j^l J i til <? (^jLj ^yk. " tj till
4_uL>^Jj£ dP^-*- 4 L>i9^ «n^Vlj U^J^' JLfcJJ ^j^J 0- /'T '^ t^LuJlSJt
j^j^SLII juu-u£\ <jV ttijjjjij jl2 *U1 ixbj-*^ 0' : j^n*^ u*yuA\
eUbj-a^ J-a <i\ ^j^-ul ^ItJj . Ln t <rt 1 in <i>> <nj tUl ^ 4jLjj jSc
jy* 4Jj1 j 1 a ^j^io caj preferentially Lli^Laj 1 $ m m^j j—u^tlll jl
4_ujlII cjLj^j^£J! <j>^ iCjljjj^£LJI uLuj^j ^ zoning «J)U ><n» -ij^-j <-
4^j_^>JLl ^ 4_uIjlj Lfc^-i^lj 5_j^3_uJl jLsc-^Vi ^1 ^1 jj jut ^ j m.j
^jl>o Lo lj-u^ icarbonaceous chondrite ^^jjiJI c^jJ£L!l t 4.L....o.M l( Jl
jjj^I JIju^ (»>>J1 ^ * ALH 84001
(juJL>J! V iZ< fu i.-vUH ^1 Ju>u i^-fl^/! t>a J^llu (^SLl 4i| 4Jj2j tiilj tjr kl
4j*Iuj ^1 magnets 4 j , .. jULUI
■
<jl (jJl Soiu jjJu! jLii? i«(j-aj<jL^)) 4l^J (^JJ 4>-jJJ 4jLL>. S^-tit^JLl d jitxtfiJI
■ JL^uful (ju <^jtlLo 4jjLLo JL>*I jjej fjJLs tdJJ j ^jJl iflLisVLi .((^i.t jULulU
4_^jLlJI ^ j *i ■* 1 1 2 . ... jUl ;*tl cjI i \ > ->JI L^^LJLoj i4,,j,.^n, ^ULLtll (jjL*J,l
(jjLjlLI jLfl i<( It) ^L^JLl m ml i i i ii-w itlJJjJij . ^yl^jVl 4_o.jJojj ^ui: c_ iljl or
jjLtlt Jj^wj j ^ . » A "t 4J*jLx_ja (^1 <jl ^jj! « !)) L3 _aL>Jll j - i, r . aj i \ ft 4 i Ij-lJ^
j^stj ctij-3tj (j-^jJI j-Aj ^ >>« , >»tl 1 j mij ULuLq VLstja j^-xU (jl 4 n j n ~v
Sj^vjII i s \\~ti 4^ n ilitl magnetism 4j ..nULmi u_jL_c ^p^. 4^ju <Uul_ija
4 nn jUI tt a CjI i j i jjJ^j (jl Lj j "(^ j 1 1 j^Ju>JLl j> j f , 4jI JJl_u (jr Ll
^ iCjL^JL>JI dJuJul!! 4_jjLajjVl iZjLjj-j^j^, V j $\\ ^1 Jjjv^JI Ju£.J
ALH 84001 >^J1 u-^ JL-ToJIj t U..lr c-ajjOil ^ ^jUl
dJuJu*Jl 4_jjL_4 ojVl Cj Lj^_)^ a j J j #1 1 Uj^a ^ JjJS JJLX. ^^ic VI ^jJj^tJ V
^1 jjjul j j mij t ^ A1A ^UJI ^ ?>ja JjV tTuj^l t_jjL^j ^1 3 jjjJ ,cjL1L»JI
^ oljj jjj! ^ 1 ^i a (jjSJu Cr^'j ~ ^ ^^H>-^-i ^^J— 5 I jl l£1M
i^'^l ,„ 4 | V ; t djj-i^La j j r, — ^j^j^-^JI 3 J_>.l^ 3j j_) 4 U ilj— a jr^j^, V \ ^Tl
■ ^ l^jj t a j-Aj i naphthalene (jhJl "i n <ll 4-j*jIj ^ Mil L« ^Lg.j < m 4
jj^a 4_i^l jjl CjLSjJLI ^ ^ JLa-"( < .1 iCjLiL>JI BjuJmJI 4_uLajjVl oU^jjJ^jjiVj <jtl
•u^O^' Jlh-u^I e^^J u^4' 4^1} oi^i? ^ mothproofing 4i*JI
4_ut£. jJsa-ui! ^yic J-cLa-JJ LaJU£. c ji^L_uJI q\\ \\\ q] 4_j_jJl_>JI L-JjLjr-?iH J-^pJ
\ j iCjLdl>JI SjjJmJI 4_pLajj,Vl C_> Ij^j j Jlj-^J I 4_k: ^"i n jjl tjSLoJ JuJL^JL)
CjLj^j^J^JLj^JLJ SjuLoJI ^IjJiVl (jja Jji^ J Jul iS^JU 4i£. jlij V La
j jU"T I ^ tl ^ ^Jl 4 i mwILj)) 4j| ^1 jjjol (j^lV J>3 il— S_L>JI SJuJ — »JI
^l^jl ^jic. jjj" -r\ gjjJ I J CjL^L>JI SJuJulII 4_uLfljjVl cTjIj \ j (jit
y>~\ {_y£- ur>-^3rU jJLuaja ^\ J ■ " n^t iALH 84001 ^S^-j-LI I j^?e_>Ji
CliL^ A -kJI ^^Aj <4j^ is\ Ml 4_j_>.LlJ1 (jjft j « SLbVl L^S-" 1 '^-^ ^
^jSLcj i^^Ulil Ifr^v jJLuo I jl idu^>jl*l\ microfossils 4j^>JLI
;Jj_joj tjt .nanofossils 4j^jU]l ^jLj <i ->Jt 1 <$ Mr J^ll^u
(j I <i£Uj$ a^JL> Y* * jt ^ * * Lr l^- 1 ^J^L J^JL^o^jLi Y* •
. cj! jJL> 3Ua <H ^ jut)
£-1^ .jijVI ijlc 5UjO£J1 CjL>^>JLi cUJjlII JSLiJt U m^^laj tALH 84001
j-Aj ij\ o irtU I Jufc f^j^ ^cJLxJI 4jMj jl ^jjj j„,i.>. p t Juv I JL*j <_3^j*
JJ)lVltt 4_-ujjj J JJ^j-jO JU3J ( Ll-JV jJ J_UJ_J LlJ i ) 4j4JJL-5JI L^jJj-j-lU jll ml
i ii JMiw jjLsjLaj Oberlin tjrdjjjl L pj^L>w ^ Ll^-^J^j-^JI
(jib Lujj-ojJL^ 4_i_-oLje-j ^jjjJjJLlII 4 *j ^1 r I ^1 ^ I M fj] (Jj-fl (JJJ.UiJlII
(Jib t 4 — j i>>m 4 < cu j^yjj mi ttij (j n o ^sJI J^l i^j . UCLA (j^ji^jf
JpJ-a Jj-u^jJJ i _ ;r i_uLLuJI ^3jJI j^l J-<jj>lJ iJjjJo t j^oj JlLqj
Cxjt^j 4iujL^Jl oLai <jf jjluj iSj^u (Jt^Mj V , o jjfcj mjjj A^Vl sLstil
CjLjj h j g » 4JLui (jr^j^Lt V , A (^Jl L;r i_ul_i_aJI ^jJl J^-seJ ^jJI ^*-*J1
(CxJ^L^.r, mil) ( A ) 4_i^l ,Utl 4 j jUUH 4 j ,,.K1I 3jl ^^Jl ^ Jz±J^
4j^LL jjV ir> ^yfc Cm! jjL«jjJL-uJIj * LJlj'i. «l <ya SjjjwjJJ stromatolite
iCjL-tuijJLJI j-aj i^i ^.U ^LijjJi Ljj j "i^ . J ( Jj->-j (j?* u^jj layered
Laj-^JojO V ^Ut" (jUlj i4_l_il,l Ljj M^, * t l LjLIj 1 ^ t a (j o ' ^>Ti
populations cjIj^jk ciLaJ cJl^ I jl» JjJL SjrUi-oJI O^^ 1 j-La
4^>Jt cjLuISJI ciUj Jlo i[Cell division ^jliJ! ^Lnn'iVI ^J^j^j 4ili^a
jj ^ mi U ^j^>JLi 1 o ^jlr rtl (jl La La '.adultery 4 jtyjj 4jI jJv *1jjJl^w
^^^JUjJI 1 'f t t
jl " ( 3 J >' ^ JjJ-> ^ 4j! L«jj (flagrante delicto
V ALH 84001 <^J^I ^ tjornltt JJjJI <j' fc±**ll J^j
.SLpJI ^ji^. LlLLs >LJj Li!
CiLaj-tdOj-jj^ilj .((LjjjJij A ' ■> *** *j , „j j^tl ^3elj>. ^-Aj t IjJLo^jLj Y*
^ *4_j_jk]| L>U>JI ^ cjLXuj^-JI JjI VI j-dol tribosomes
Jj (C^l J HI t . t JJtjLdf ^Cjlj <^>J itl J C< i <h!» . L^jI J 3l_J_>Jl Cl Mljt 1 ^ K ! BLlaU
t^^L>o SjjJLt^aJI 4j^_pSLJI Lj>L>JI .0 ' )(jj^-o£-JI Jxi Lo j ,^ »tl ^JJ
< """t » J>2b ^(jr>- dh>L£ j t-<^> ! ^cjtjx jJLj jJLuaJI ^ ^ aj^oVI Jl j Mill
oLjLj dJllA r,,,Mi> . L^j JValoiVI ^1 oLILlJI ^jlSj ^ Ij^I <jV
(jSUj L*^ *U^»-fl >L^lj jt 3j V mil £yi L^jLi. jj-u j\ t Ijj < ,i< a jJbj ^? L4L0
. ^jsoJI (jju 3jL-C dJLAj . Lo ^yS 4_ijw duL^ t jl jjj (jl
oLj^ rt "fctll ^ j-ttUI ^j-t-cj LojJt^. LuSU * deformed 1 ^ L^-U jjljj
^yiSLj ^j-lo^j L^l« /.* , ^ ^,1^ Jjjj V Lo (jLa t4_SjoJll 4_j-tiojSfl
J>oj ^4j^jLJ! oL^rt>n ^LajSJI l-aj^III ct^ulj jjfo^LJI JjL*j ^ IliU
:4jL(!uJ (J^E-iJi JU Lo LiJLtA (j-o-jJj tj-jli»lj CjjjjJI i^J 4_U_ili!L))) X^J&jju*
^Lj3 j ^1 *:L*Ll3 i educational 4j ojlVi 31< .*?. A .^j^v^J^uJI ^ |j n.jlj
iSLpJI Jj! c? l£. ^^p^o e-ul£ L>M->- LL-oj juu ^jV VUjl^I ^LULj
(m^^oJIj 4_ti>.ljJI <jJ_JI (jr^uu J^I <j <i j3 1 d > j • , ^ 1 1 jJLj j^f IjLfc
Sjl — « Lftj o r CjIj i *i -> JLi £ Ij — -l— >■ i^r-^- (Jh * *ij 4<L_jj_jLtJi CjLjj— d_3tU
• ((J J ' " olt 4^jjJLa 4j11j_uI (jy-QS *4_lC t im^'i ( n (^Jl!I Laj ^_a- m i n
: (Jj-OJj , LaLaJ j^-jJLl 4SLli ^ic (JJ<^ i^j-AljJ! CuJ^aJl tl i mi <!L) La)
\ t fjji Ju>Jl c-lljl or L - r 3 *nU tiilj iJ7 Jt> L^J O-^jf Cp - ^ dJLcLUI jj))
,4_lj3 L*j ^j^tj <ij 4jLj Jj_oj V I Jus- 1 < n 1 r> *t j ^l"i<ia < nm'i t_JjSLIl
CjJu>-j JL3 4 in ^kJI j U 1 nVl dJufc CxjL^ I jj : jJfc LlA Jjl-oJL> 4_j_^jJI J|J_ijJ1j
, 1 7i\\r\a S3l_u_>. Jj-^v. J (jlfi. JjJj 4j! IjUfc L;r iAJ J^Ja i^jVl L;r i£. 3j-se_^ ^
^>jl tjftU* SLftU ^Jll ^mJI : >UI iiUI
^jl 4JjVl ^j-4-j>JL <-dj£ (jJiC JUiIju i in i n"i (jf 3Lj>JI J&^aJ
Ur&5 *4-us>jL*JLI 4_3e_jw ^ 5U^\ cJuuJo I ((^j) ^^aLs-Jll Jt"i i uj ; jrt < u JI j^a
. < 4_jj>» Lj}ta>- IjLoj jijSu (j I j^»
jl ^JLjJLn. ^yi^i M ■■■■ tLiiljJ *L*_iaJj . 4_l_>JI CjLjISUI ^Jt^>J (jr 1 ^^' J^>Ji j-Lu ^
< nil ^1 oLjj_iL>JI ^1 _ (jy^-II SLj^kJI Jl£LLl ^jo-w
CjI j j ill ^Lsc^t j-4 j-ju&j j*L^>-l-» <Urt'^ JU>.^j _ Lll^j^ j o r j^s J^Vl
4jf Ijla j^Iaj t «i_j» ^UJtl 3 iM.ltbg . ALH 84001 ^j^JI j^>^ ^ 5 ->>>-.>ll
Jj9Vl (^yl^. jl "flj^io LIjJlI t j^l^ . LjM_> JjjS jja Cj^[£ CjIj inj jll £->>U ^j-C j^a
Lj^Lx jl ("iilj jl L*JbJL>t LT Ll juu_u-u . ^jLiil j 1 1 n CjIj <r>jjH jLj j»j->JI JLu<V*it
jl jL^laJ j^VI (jLl j-ULO I <i m iljjiaj Jl^w^j j! jSlcj oLuua-jjJI 4 Uj <
t 4JLkJ| <uJI j-IIjs] Lo jl Jul J ^^1
JSVI (j^j tlfjrtitj membrane tLii£ jjSLj jl *LujJI tfj>jjL>. ^ ^
L^3M-cLi3j CjIjJlJI j£. 4_3>ju La jl . L$ii>lj ^ g,\ n « 1,1 oUu^Jl j* L-flVl
\7Ti\\ 4\u\tt?i\ 4 ajj\n^l\ ljt Ll jjLaJI tLltijl jl ^^k. Jli m ^Ol
Lu^i jf i JSVl °' j^y*^ 1 ^ * 4SU_L, j^j jf c-osj spatial limitation ^KJLI
^ * 1 <j^o jj^Lj jl 4_iL>- jl I jui ^It^ j nil tfjub j-4
JiUj il^j Sj^i jjSu 4_lL^1j 4->.Lu-c ^1 (jJI (l^mbw j^s (^k. frLliJl
oiub j-d vj^j oLu-^lJI j^s jJ&JI > f Uni jl jJujj .J^Vl I ^^^jlj V • ^1 To
-^-^ Sij^ ur^l jl tJiiV j^i v>^>J^ Y * * (_^! L^V 1 J>^ ^4 <aj Ml
j-Lj 4_oi^lj 4^L^3 cjJL^^jLj Y * ♦ L^J^ls 4j|jU ( itl j-4 l>> JL^^J jt J^Vl (jig.
CjI j-I^-jIj ^ * I O fj ' fl J-^ >- £ j^ — Jaj>. ti n iCj\j "1 a^jlj La jlaS
SjOjJLI CiLSj^l j>s jUJ t jl lJlJi
^1 j>a ^u^J iloLuJ J^JU£: jjS^J ^! j t 4-pJl Lj^UJI itiint! 3n..iTL
Oljajj^-Jl jjIV "t jjLt-a_cj LjM^JI tUnijf jl (iu-^ i^jVl ^jic, dJU>o
j*Juu ^cSL>Jl UjSUj ^Lfl ijLuaj^Lj . jj) U"<ll 4iJL±JI <-uj)^>J| CjLl^II j>a Lb ^_uLj
I L.L.LLILU
L^J^lo ^jSL! *cjL*^ua_tjJI JlLa narrow 4 ?n <r> t"< < <nl L - .X^C tl L^_ljSu ^1 ^JUj
jl J-t* ^^Ac JL>-j3 L^_uiSwJi L-bjI ^Lu (>*JJ S<l gTi^ja <*jJu3 Lj5Ls*£
4jVjj i j j a jJ j 1 1 4 j " I j LJ I jj V mtl , ,,tl ^j, "< , , , a Cl>j ^_L_a
1 <Q If U i nil 4_l_u <jL£ £j-> ^1 £ja JLl^jI (jjJ <j-d i 4_a£Lj j— <3 V 1 ^jiaJuilj
Ijj„ll£Ll11 ^jufc ^yi JLjjulII 'j) 4>jvj d J ' ^_3jjJ^JI jc_j-uaj
jJuj (j^tJt t^-iLuaVl L^joLat->-l (jX. ( jIuftSL](jj 0°) L^j^LSIj-oI (Jj**( i ti a ^jAAJtJ (jt
. Jjlol
^j^sj^c 4j1 L_u_4jLj t«...j^T ^j_^j^o ^1 (J-oUjI jj I (J^9» i _ ;r >oL>JLl Jj-^J
^jiii SLpJI u^Ljj ^ LijT i^Lsol] jllUil j\ ih"km11 ^ ''r^j< eAi^-* »
4j j ^ ■ <>* juoLd Luj i 1 cj-^ ^ Lh lj> ^ ^
jJj! JL>Jll I JJt Sj^ tltjl^ ^ Ju V i2Lalj 2L^lj^-ajj . JljJL>JLi ^ <r <j|
LJr i^ ^MnhLUt ^La^j^l Lj u<n 4-aLuJLl i^Jl JLlj ^jU'mi'i V i n<t .SLpJI
oJJt> J *n n i l CjIj (jUM ULit-U JL>JLl S^Ja (Jjl* jjkj tj j -> -a ifj&A ^j-oL^-uf
Ltjf 1 '^>jl j-clajt (^yjj-Ci ttt^)) ijrJ aL>JLl Jj ^ J i^iJJli Julj . «4 CjLj^j^SLJI
^j^LLxjJI JsaiUtj La 3_>Lc . lava flows ^_^>J1 oLoJajG
^_*^>J! ^ 3 j ^__>*jJJ d j , „ jUl ; ; 1 1 ^jjLjlJsL) LLaJLLit-o ^ j-o 1 "i ^ " U V III J
.ALH 84001
L<a m ift^j-u)) ^^LjjJI! (Jj^oojui 3 J->.1 j jji^LiL-u ^ p*W ut I jIj
4_Li ^^La-u ^jJI J-lJjJI t>a5>t J-m "ill (jAh^j JjLIj! : LoLu
jJwl JlL« -ijj*^a 4j( ^Jk: i(PAHs) CjLoL>JI BjuJUlII 4_uLqjj^I Cj Lj^j^^j JU4I I
SjuJljlII 4_uLjsjjVI Cj Li I j ^ 1 1 (jl , tL^jt ^1 -v ijr ^ aJL>u LjO ^^Jk,
^ V _ cj^Lj ^ 4joLj c. ...j! L$jL ^LajJI ^1 , »\ ^1 j t (PAHs) cjLoUJI
Jj « l"nn J I * JL-J-UJI ^ ^J^-J-Jl J 3C >J! -iJ-^-J tLof ^ Vj J j "l ^11
5Lj_£^_jJJI jL?e_jvVl ^ Sjjj^jll CjLH>JI SjLjjLJtll 4_pLajjVl CjLj^j^jjJLj^II
JoLul J-Jj>i Ol (*J-i <jr^ j-i>^ JL>^ ^ £>^' L>^ l (JL?
oLj^j^SLII cjLj^ (^ja 3jjj>.jI1 CjLo1_>JI SjujuJI 4_uLaj(jVl oLjj-jj^j, Vj gll
, dil j CJJJLV ^ <- r-J mTiII I ^ X <1J ijO-jJ^JJ JJ£. 4jl <yT (^U ^jlc (jJi-J 4j| Ly l£.
^l^>.t ^yiSLI t4 hi ii )\ oVl ^yi^. ^SL^e-j (jf ^cSLLo LT ic u.^J t JL>JI
£lb»j>J1 *ULji <g«lt « jl jftlf : i*JUJt Mf^Mril Stiff
ji-Ltjj ((JjJjJI (^jjlI Sj-p^VI 4" >r^>j-b *1 1 pi VjLst-a «!)> (_y>sL>JLI (j^^'n
4jjf ^jJl^j ^Uj V 4jL *Lcj^I ^IjJLcL JLla j j r S^jitj^ll ^^.tiJI j^sc^JI
(jL^jJj_L^. Lqjkj iMcSween, Jr. £>jVI mfca (jjLfcj Harvey ^jLa *-kJlj
. 4_ȣj^_lJ! jLt^Vl ^ jl^j ^1 0-^' interpretation Jj/g ^Ja ^l>p*JI
* ALH 84001 e^^l j^>^ J^d* u-° ^ J
(_>ii3LtJ (j,^^ • 4j3^^jl>3 4_titj^o SjJtjus ^JU3L£ ^LCLaLi J * ti^L) ^h^j
<Jj i4j^o 4^>.jJ A * j jJuuo (jyj £jljjj 2j|j^>. d»L>.j_S J-lC (J^Suj CjLj^jj^JI
.(CjjL^Jj^A 4_ivjJ ) Y * * ) 4jjJLo 4_^vjJ *\Q * jujj 3 j lj^>. ljU-jJ JU£.
J^j>o JjI^-u tq^^>^' < 3 ^pJI jI^II ^j-c Oi^" ut-^^ basalt cJjLJI
Jill jj^.^J i 4_^j^L1I < — 3jL> ItlI I doJj . (j^j^JI JLj-ul^I ^^Lj ^ya 3^_i_t ^ Cil j
(jr lJI i^l I" j 4 (j j j ui 4_j3i» bands 4iaj^f L^j cjU^j^-S ^Hj ^1 cLilJI Ijla
c^L^ . ALH 84001 c^i-^ii Sj^^Il oL>£Ji Uj
(((j-o)) (jr ^La- olf 4Tt-t<i " Kit,! CjVjL>JLI jjr^- (jr ua\i~u < » .3Lj_>JLj 4^^Lc (^5 L^J ^j!
(jhCJU ^ylll t 4 n h -^.U jjUaUl jljLcI CjLuuLl3 JMj>- £h<i 4_3t^>J| ^JUb ^^ix^jJ
LajlLc c^j^Sj ^^Jl SjIj^jkJI 4-^.jj ^jut < n 1 ^ t ofj ^ ^1 vLoi^Ji (_>^»j
^jjjJl ^llUj I j-ISj V L^jf 1 1 t i tit') 4_Lo3j tSjLojLjo g_atj>JI (jj , CjU^jj^LII
*« I)) ^qL>JLI jjiiuo tSji a < ^ ' j\p ^ 6 ^ *1 J
JoLqjf (jl (J ^£. «(J-o» (_y>sL>JLl J JuIlJJ . J£^£J ^LcjVI JJt>J 1 JLL>- dLjIuVI
j^j>JI ^ Sjj-^^II (PAHs) cjL5JL>JI SjujuJI 4__jjLsjjV| cjUjj^j^jl-u^JI
o juk (jt >a >^lot ^ . L^pSLJI JL>J ^UJj * ALH 84001
oLoLkJI SjujulJI ^-uLojj^l cjLj^j^jj, v j -kII JoL^jVl
Ltiaj! I^Justjj V ■ J.^j t ^l^ SL^_uSLJI Jlrtllj LoJU£. JtntLt (jjCu
»«JU"-wVI JLOJU ^LUTnul .sU-icI Ji3 jJjJ^Vl Cj^U"Ofl JLAj"i ml <j! (Mjlr ))
. <Lp- jJ ^_ljJ I j_x£. Cj\j j i n<i"tl JJ-*^ j^ABj e-ocj 4jI (jt Ll
4^aj) In Ul OjL£ Ijl Le-C <j»l * n "1 > (jl I * *^ *y ucJjJl^JI jjia>J 4 K <n V»j i«3L^>>
^1 ^fjJI (> o>^" ALH 84001 <^j^l j^JI <>* 313" ,,,U ibVl
SjtJjJLl (jyl^ 3Ltrv J^>-J l" I III
(^1 (jrl^J * ill mi.! I urt-*J CjI^Lx.jVI a ^ JjLli < ^ 1 1 U*m I o r (jj* ^ j rt
jl m ^JLx. .(j" 00 ^ 56 -*^ Jj^ilL pi oltll ij^-T in a jujls i(JL>-
3Ll». j^-^j Jj^ 3j-LiLlll (jJa (>j in ^-j-cl!vLIL) 4 j^U < ntj 2L^_«JLI
4jI Cm 4J*jVl ^ i a ^1 ^j_3tJ Vj .4 u Mi cA ui ^lljl ^ m .a LLsLoj!
^jj^-ySJI (jf j^j-lu (jf J^-uiJI liUj p£j <jr^j 4 ji>^ (j^ 1 ^Uf-^ ^Ll* CajL£
ALH (^j-juil jj» (jL»j i(JjL-ilLj llILLa 4 TijL at 31 j >■ jj^-jj <jj^ « mu
tUL*JI ^ j/<^ j * mjj lL ^j^l 2Lp-U . jLScVI \l)Jt ^cjG <JjI |*jl3j 84001
iSLpJI Jj_iw^J 4 t ; SJjf ^yk ^^JbtJ V ^jitjjJLI ^j-uil j_3e_>JI <jf ^
J-Ci->JLl ^J-C. (j-o-fl i^jJuLuil (jjo UrU^ 4j5ijJ q^jj-Jb tjrU ^jij^J J-*-^ t - J '- s 3 jtn<M
oilJub Ci.n jtj . ^Uj> L^LxIj -nil JSLjiJJj cUI c^>J <jj£2 * sedimentary
j^-j ^yk. ^j^xf JJj ^k ^jl^o tjj^jVl ^k. (4jjL^jj) igneous 4jjLj 3jV <r>
4.cjJ& 3l_uv -i>>-J (^k. ^15-* JjJj (jk. j^l«J1 tjUs tiiJJjJj .SjLxlj (^1^ idLpJl
Cmj£j CjLj^j^ (jk. 4-llu Lry^-J ^ > ^ Lfcj-*^: 3jie_ju3 ^ JJ>il ^^k.
J;? (JT ^ i-aiJL j t mi? ( _ ? Ju} ♦ JL«-1>.VI JLuu IjJLx Jjl-oJLj Qjfiji t u jhJu-uJI lTJJ^Lj Jjl^
. j^l jJi ^ JjlULj ^IjJLx ((JLalxVI Ju*j» (jl^ (jl La JujL>o ^Jb m La
J-^^tl Jjl Hj . r. jJJjlJj .^jVl (^k <*jJl£J1 SLpJl ^1 t 4jbj^5 c-i^-flV ^UIaVI
t^pJLujJa ip^JIJ-oiil (jJJLA J!U (jx. ^Jj LiLuaj 1j[j SSLpJl jj-^taJ Uj-*£.
LjJUj tSLtjsJt J-t-oI J« nlL) <L3j_ju m^jJI (Jj-LuaJI jJLSLli .^>->-I
* jjjll LT k 4_*jjl9 3Lp- jj^j cjVUi^I ^ 4aj4 insights cjIj mill
■
5
^jLfl (^^LLLjlJI jjIj ^Ijj Ln-j-Jaj »j_ At \\\
J-=*-~\ Sr^>-^ J-4^> cyi^- SLj_j^ ->>>-J (-el in " <l
Ltt : ^jj-SUI (jr a dl_j_^JLj 4 n I « " 4 4jj_4_>. 5 j ,u a
Cilljj ^3J^I ^jL_>. 3l J.->JI 4 I A J I <jj J c
of J'j — ^ 2ui ^yi
(Jbfl^JLi oJL_£ <jl 1 — q c 4j1 ^ '/II < *
C^l £)l <^-<a JuVj . 3Lj_>JI 4_^Ltii_l_A
cosmic ((^j—^ 4 *»oU Cii ^jl ,13
<^>JI L}U*dJ j^LJLl J-SJJl ^! _ seeding
j jU"«t t (jl 4 j n ^ J? - ^JL_c
converges ^1 J_L4U L^s I j j * <C Evolution
1 n j^l Jj^OJ L^J^/ t4^j| Mi" a jJ^-xj ^pJI 1 VJ I
jjL^. 31 j j^-^J <-al "< < 1 Jjl
i^l j -nJI ajjfc 4__ij| Ju o_jL£ l^^^ i^^jVl
t^^SLJI j j-jj I 4_JjJaj 4_ij3 I JUua^a (_£Jbo 4_JjL_2lU aJLA j ^ Irt" (it Lo ^jLcj
dJJj fjL_tJ <jf I 'jl« 3 ijJ^V S-^i^ (jjAc- 3L^>JI ^L£ju ^SLaUI
f^lc Lufc Jj^jJLI cdJj j^fcj _ 3l_j_>Jl <jja 4_3j_jl> (^jJI Jl_j_j>.jJI uU-^JJ!
. Laj o r bLlj>J1 <_ t 1c (j j U n I ci L>.l"i m i (jr !1 n _ ^dj^M
4Mrffjii i ;uall (dna) 4«*At
j ml V <i 4 n<«ojJ ^iVi i iiLoj (_£jJ1 t^^jVl 3i j (jyKJl £j^j>A1 ^jl
long-chain 4l.uA.iJ I Jj>k cr^ ^ V * earth life «4 j iXjVl 3Lu>Jl»
SoJLl (jy-ujJI (^j^JLII ^^3-4 >JI j tr\ **( it « «DNA» LjJI «-uj
^jj^ jys LjjJI ij-xs ^tj:>^>- J£ o>^i .(deoxyribonucleic acid <<■ ^Vl
(^uoljVl) dajlj^JI /yj L-flVL ^ U nj^a 3 j^-VI fj^>, L*ajl^ ? (jrualL * spirals
♦ <>jj3-L>J( <>_j ^JLS oLjj)_j>J1 J-a ^IjjI ^cross-links 4_J1 "U
£jj j^o l( ^ ) « Ji_uj_JSjj» ^ <i t ii j (^jJlj t4_Jl «n*it,l CjLjj^jsJI ,j_ft J£ (jJal ^-Tuj
CjI JLjjj-tlSjJl L^j j-^laJ (jrJI 4J1 jail <jl . el) I JL^^J^oJ ! ^j^s <_Lx2u9 JUvlj jJ^I
^LSJI L$j L-flj-.^ n ^1 4-^kJ! jjl^J DNA L)jJ! ^ 4_Ji ,^",U
DNA L,jJI ^ S ^l*ji*Xl> cLUl^V! ^ j-b^j 4 idJjJj
^ nh 4_tUJI ^ DNA L^jJl CjLSj^ ^ ^La <L>UJ1 L*ju£.
£jA 4.1 1 nl 1 o (jjA^. 1 < ft (J^ (^alLftuJ rtift ^jLjji^JLw 4Jt£. ^Vn Lft_ft il_j_JLt-eaJ
^LSJI jljli ^ -5>aa1I 4^3j (j^S3 SjLcJ ^^^31^1 tl^y tCJ ^>?^'
2 U , "j 1 1 ^IjjVl J^ft ^Jjj n n 1,1 »1 i'^ rSl\ 4_JsLl^L} t 4_AkJl J-^l J 4_ H 3lUI
i 4-i,l ft ttl ajjb uHi^" backbone tij^a jj-cx. ^1 4^L^VLi t LJl
^LulOliU* * J "' JU "
^ < i.uJ I J-4 CjI — j-jj — >■ QLj j^-Lt Jj-L^-Ls jtyjjJb* .j-Lc DNA LjjJI CjI Lij — »- J-4 JS J*v ni "j
V U^oj i(T) ijrui^b VI (A) juj j jK j ljP-Sj V <i>up«) S^oj >>-VLj Uajl»-i strands
LjjJI cl£j->* f 1 "< ?nj replication mntl ^ jU r JM^*j .(C) ^j^jij" j nilb Vl (G) jrijtj->Jl Jj ~ fij
5L*_flllaJ( CjLLjj->JI jj» daughter strand «4_»_u 4Jsll»» ^j^iu <u_aLL> JS , \ > »j ^ ;LJ^l3 DNA
DNA LiaJl LLjj-j*. j; tu "j < jrySUaJl JSLf »■ — (( ^I^JI» * > . < hmj J>-b
.parent molecule koII^II ^j^JU ( jUjVI«
\ \ i !Lua3 a U ." ^ 1 1 ^1 ijJLJuzj J£ (jhuj ^replication n TLj Si o <nt,l
IjJaj ^>SJij {4_£jLuaJU 1 * -jt iLaLcj ^jJLaJI 4£jj-tjt (JlLo I Ju JL>» \£j>j~uu
jrj-i tkj^j ^j! 4 gjl 4_LljI jJI j-jliaJ — a — >J V) <j£*J V 4j!
*Llj djLcj 4_jLa_c <Lo_cujj . 4_*_j-5t-ju3 3jj_uaj i^jjL-oJIj JljJlj>JI t £jrj-j j^L>*i I
^liM L>d>^ SjLcI 4 K <u f I tjrtV ni J l 4— Jl irt"U CjLLsLjjj^I
1^1
<Uu (^jJI t_jjjj>Jl jjo (jjl U*ij l_jj1jj>JI (j_a tlnn^ 1 JL>-1^ Li^J (jl jl t mm ( d^?
<j£. ^j-ijj . 4_j I j— >J 1 3jj_^jJU lIUj (J-j<j ^ I I <j t a (JjsIj-jj V 1 o "n j idjLj
(^j_<_u l£JLLA (j^Li (j"^" (jy^ iDNA LjjJI <j_a (jl^l trTi a (jLuj^>. < n ntl 4 jl <^r
jjLSuj (jl (((jhJLt^l (J^Ij^-jjJI)) (jJJi-A <j-a JSJ (j^XJj tJ-J-^ (j-« J-^-'j
\aa tL=r j*JI (jjLSJI oLJLLxiJ, L2j9j CjIj^o Sjlc CjI jl o til aJJb jj£uj iOlj <\<i)
. (J-t-O^M ^j-A 3 JUJL>- ^c_<_uJ £LlC ^jjlJ
inn j-Sjs 4al>JI cJuLtij ^ DNA LjjJI CjLjj)jw ^5tljj
LjjJI CjLljj^>. Jj i^>La3 J J jiog . ( _ T 3*jJj_j_iJ1 jjt^lll 4 jUf (j-a (_tinJI 4Jj-La_i
4_sLi^VLi Sj^stJ ' ^<J S(j^j (jja i3j j i< 4_jwjJ ^1 iLu 4_uoL>Jl DNA
dJu^a ^ A JSLI DNA LjjJI tZjLlj^w ^jl . 1)1. ,n 1 ^jlr (jj<j in (^lll 4m XII
Jjja ^^->"n <n LoJ^ t4 ^ itl J!Lxs SjJLst* djjjuaj I ^jir c_fljJtlJl (j^-CJ *L^->j ^
jj-a 1 ^ • * I jj ^*j^j>JLI l*Jjj ijL^ ,4_uLl>JI ^gj ^ **<!) Jl <i f I cjI o >^> jtl
'"^ ^ {y^L£. tlilJjfc (jl^ (jj 4j^aJ Lj^Lv ^j^j La SjLc) LkLj^L^ jJ dlj^L^
4JUaJI jj-a UaitU JLd3.L _ IjJJutJ (jt DNA LjjJI tj^Uj .^u^JI
UjlLCLa Lj}UJ! oJJb ^ DNA LjjJI (jl^ Ijl U _ 41a L>J
LjLia-aJI (j-a JJLC ji. J^j . 4_aJLC ^frUI Lj^Lv ^ J^s-jll DNA LjjJI £-a
^ *i - dj i 1 1^-> CjIj-jJu cij J .> j (jl (j^w t DNA LjjJI ^ i n n 4 jj f J^L>-
(j£. 4_di_j_4al» ^jj 4JbVI oLIj^-jjJI JU>-I c-aiUe-i (jl Sj ntntl 4 ?y j "i t j
5U=dl J^i
3jLU» La J j 3^jJ_j9 La} ji^Sj j_jL1j ^jJI Cjlj-ilail < ri r I .ojJtj
4-« ^ lHl CjIjj ^iaju jjLfl i JL>. (^f (ji^-J . 4-3*L*Ji Luj~i_u ^nljft j
4 in ^ 4jJuLfl C«j*ij (^Lx^l ^(^ui J*J& (jjJJ ^^Jl cP^-H ^ >-iLJI
Lc:l ^jI ^jjj <jl 4jL^1II ^ L^JLSUjj <<LiL>JJ 2jUj r *i T1 tS^
jJlu Ju3 L-£ t^Uilkl! ^1 V I ^ (j^oJj t4j_^J! g^Vl Jl^I jlj^i o-Q-tb
jlj^l L$j| ^>.J t—il i ii ~v lj M -w. Ifl m rt'l t ^£, j-UJlUI J^JL j^OJ LjLC
i ( j-u^LuJI < in "( ^1 (j^O Jjl Jjfc (jjJ^j^J^ ^ jjl £ »4 — i ii A *1 t> ^>ull £>-^
4_lj>. (j^J ^jJ-J (jl (j^Lgj i(Cj|j— oLaU 4 ■» j"m) 4j9L^>yL>
. DNA LjJI cjIIjj^ 4J1L Sj^jU-.tl
«L*JI MUfi mJm| |0#Mftif
CjLjj^>J1 ^jja 4 *< j t. a ^lj-J I ^J.u2> 4 j 1 j ill irtl 4 U njJH CjIjl-ljj) ji^j-lJj
^ ^l£J DNA LjjJI cjIL^w ^ LJLua3 ^LjjjJLI rl^jVi j-^k t-*-^ <jYb
J^LSUI ^ flUII : CT ^>JI ojLUI Ijl-^j ^L^JI genome ^JLj j%JI JIcj <L
coj^ ^£L>ij (jyj-ll 4 nil j-aj t«3LLj>J1 t_jLi^» m >t.ll ^ riCj . 4-jLm "w ^ji
< i.utl jj-LJ^L) Jjl^ 4 t j j h 1 1 CjjjIs JjLA «3 L > JI t_>Lj_£)) < rtjlL Jj^l (j^oj
4jMj (>* ^ >^ J£ ^! t genetic code (4„ t n>J() 4_u!jjJI qja
\ i'r\<\ ^ JJl>o L ^il\^ i LojJL-caj 4iaj|jJLo DNA LjjJI ^ 4^1 t" a Cj! Jlijj jK^j
£j jaJI ijln SLe> *nill
( T ) L^i
i_Jij^>. (jp3 tLiU juj . 4_u!jjJi 3j <i Mill ^\<? i__3^>- 4jL* S-L*-^ ^ '^JLualLU
{(J^aJI)) (JL?^ ^J-* tj^ Ct^ LAjJtJ j! 4jL* JL>.Jj 1 4_u IjjJ I 3^ n Mitt
Ojn r JuLa «Llj1jjJI oj <i Mill ^1 (JJ-ljvjJ^j-jJI Jx^jj . 4j (_^L^JI j»jJui>JI
4JjL*-jq ^aj * Human Genome Project «l£> ( " i N fj'j-?^ Jj>-»^» j^jAii
lV 1 Jl-ajlJ! J^L*- J^-Tl'Cj tjt ij mi j T 1 < rti^j (^jJI f> j m I J-^l-^ 3*J
.( r ) ILoUJI 2LnJV»
u
UUU i
u uuc'
UUA i
uuc '
CUA
cue
c CUA
CUC
AUU ]
A AUC
AUA J
AUC
GUU
C CUC
CUA
CUC
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCC
1 ^ 1
I CCC I
J CCA J
' CCC
ACU
ACC
ACA
ACC
I ccc I
' CCG '
U, C A, OR C
A
G
UAU i
UAC '
UAA
UAG
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCC
CAU >
CAC '
CAA x
CAC '
ecu
ccc
CCA
CCG
AAU i
AAC '
AAA i
AAC '
AGU
ACC
ACA
AGG
GAU .
CAC '
GAA ,
GAG '
GGU
CCC
GGA
CCC
u
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
C
u
C
A
G
1^ -^'^ itdj^JtalLj (U (ii^>Jb <LJ! J-^i) J-t-wlji^JI Cilli^>JI dJLA jl^Ijljj bM^JI J-3»b >->>l
.(thymine) (jrj-*^ 1 * DNA &jJ\ ^i>um,1 ^Ul
<J£ (jLj 4 trn mi jtl 4JLi_<LseJJ IjjjJu IjlA ( jjj_Jj . 3L_u>JI ^j^q i _ ? -i_oLjj| JL_>»lj
<j} dLaJLxJl Jj-2j 1 . 4_La Lu^Ja jl ^P^jVl yLn JLj>.jj 3l_i_>JI oJLfc
(j^a V * ^j^a <jj£jl£ <4 j diLulSLJl J_l£ J L 5^ =L - ) Lr^ f* ^ ^ ** " n t a
^i^j .amino acids 4jJLtxVl ^U^Vl Lr ^ *2i <ih-*^a 4Uj«,mj S^-JL^ cuLI^jv
JjtiJL) JL>.^j jjyoJ! ^4 j m 43 V I ^paLojvVi J^-^J (jl <j£x-U ^j-a 4j) ^X-jJI
4 j m aVl CjLjjj^>- £ru Cj^LcLioJI <jl Lilo ^^Jjlj IjlAj ^>J^
.4_l^jVI SlpJI g-^O-^iJ ^^yJ] 4 j ( n rlLi 4_W)j>. 4 j «a. A I Cjli (jj^ 0' S - *- ^
cjLUL-uj^I L^_> ^hJI a.Sj^laJI Jj ^Laj o! • ON A UjlSI cjL1j>^
(^;j^>>VI oL-Ij} >«-M ^j-^ 1 ^ in — oj ^t^j^l (jl I t(j<jjj3^L>* c> ^ j ^
j\ \ $ 1 nrt ) oj li Mil! ^jLitluajJj i4jjLcILo 4Jl! 4 j i^jVI 3Lj_>J I JJ-t-o
JjUUI (jj .dialect 4^111 ji accent Sj^iJI ^jaij tjjj t L^L^.jiO express
tL^JLje-j ^pJI 4_uljjJl oj a t »tlj DNA LjjJLJ planetary oneness ^
^jl 1 m\t idJuvjJI dlLA ^ ,4_l-u3jVI 3Li_>J ! dJL^J ^j^- 4^>.| \n a \ CjJL3c_jj
4wa,.\ V*i mU 4_iJJI oJJt Cjj^-Ls t rtj^j t^^j^i ^ lr, 3Llj>J! CjLAj t nj^ ^JLJtj
4_j_^jVl 3Ll^>JI JlSLtil ^JL^I ^ ( JUJU*_lSI IjL^j 4_nU"<jl CjLa-
?<*J*» i»S» *« «*J*i AMI W
J t(jlaM) n tJI t * ^ ^ SLl^J! ^Jj-j-o! <j? ^£.jJI ^ JT ic
^SLstjj (^>Jl ^ISJt <— >LLl>- (jt jLoC-Ljj . Ltoj^iajj ^^LjJLt L^jjjIU 1 < o ft -il^jl
4 j Mill t-u^ UJ irt^nt Jj *4jI j DNA UjlII S-iLc (j)>juajtij V ^3 tcdJj
.(°) (crri>H tffjpl RNA U jJI ^JU 4j
^ < <il j iDNA Ujdl jy» 3jj A i o Ul rijU 4juiu *RNA U^JI CjL1jjj>. ^^23
^Luo <y3 t ri—^j DNA UjJI CjL1j)^>. ^ya 4jj_^__>JLl Lulj^JI CjL^ajJ.«ll
(mRNA JL^ujJLl UjJI ^aj) RNA UjJI^l j^f J^-*^ .cAi^-JI
(ribosomal RNA ^L^JI UjJIj transfer RNA LjJI) ^j-^^ 1
master copy «4-tL-«l 4jr , ,.')» j^^j U^o * DNA LjjJI cjLjj>^ 3l j^JJ
(jrtT i ( jj^-L^Vl ^JlSjlII JMiw^ ,< jr >JI (j-jlSLlLi 4jusL>J1 CjLloJI CjLlIIjIjq
cjL£L£J! JLili^Jtl ^Vl RNA UjJt cjLIT^ (jj^-^>^'
4JUL5DI 4Jlyiil ^1 i^jM^-tl ^ lj_st^>o tCjVUJt ^iaJU <y3j . 4_pJl
5 «l *.A\i LjJj^j (^Jl 1 1 (JCH (Jl2>^^ (J3-^>- jJ^j-lI I q i) j nj t4 j <nri <t 3jj i
cjj! ,4_t-^>Jl cjLuLSJI &a u^-y ^ uyi evolutionary distance a jjjUMI
^ 3juJ r Cjl^it^ (j-^j-^ ^ J^l ^jJLJI 4_*_^aLx Woese jjj JjK £jL*jL>
4jU^]1 ^ j-LLlj ,4 rth Ul 4_j_^Jl oL^KJI ^ RNA UjJI ^uljjJ 43Ll^
/ ya 4_j^i_ujJI 4jIj <n j" jjj j-*IuJ ♦ SLi_>JI ^ j-loJ <LiA-iSU dJljLoJI 4j|jJ1
CjLuIju . eukaryotes Bljill cjLaJL_JL>» j prokaryotes 3l^ijl cjLjjIju 'uyh\
iL^LkJI 3 Jo JUL j5 4_iL>J| SjLjjxj ^ («3jLu>JI dljiJI))
4 nU*<4 (jic L^La J£ ^_l_>u jl : I Jl-ljw SjJLse^a 4j_^j! LfcLj^Li- » >
fu tttTCtW jfjjj .A-tUJLi ^LiJI DNA UjJl membrane *Liij Sjjju*^
l^lo ljJL9 4jl-v J£ ^ j^uado j I j il^j ^UJI DNA LjjJl q\ c\yl\ CjLSui>J
(Julloj ^jJj ^1 «(«^j»>r>lt <iLua£.V!») organelles oLu X«JI ^ a i n't t Iju>. 3jjl«
^usu 1 <in idljJJI CjLuIjo Ci>j Ijj jit <; ^ £jJuj . 4-iLiJ! 4 t^t <r> a
slime ^j^JtJI o-^h 'fungi cjLjjJoAJIj 4CjIjLlU1j *cjIj1j-_lj>JI iSl^iJi cjLloj_4>
^ Lu=lj! ^j^tj L)jl r< r Lij >4 jl^ll 3 j j -wj 4_jj>J! oLuiSJl ^ 1 j, j ■ ^ Ijjlcj *mold
jj^o L^v^Jj_uiI 4jju^qHJI 4 j.< dljjJI cjIjj.HI ^>xj La 3jIx.j . L>^L>J! 3jljjl£. BjjitU
\ n * ts> ni <T ^jJJ (Jjuaj Lojj 1 ol— a "(A I jmn Vtj tBljill c->L-ol Ju (jjXc j^i^Jl
lU^'ftl - SIjjlII <— >LjjI Jb (j_<5 (j^J - L^-u£LJI CJJo Jl3_3 idilj ^sj . 3ljjjl CjI j rtj -hJ
CjI j rtjrt-^ iU < ii L^jLlIcLj idljjJ! CjLutju q\ 4 o^l < nil UrtH
^paj **< en tcdJj ^1 4_5L_u3VL)j .jj-^JaJI ^ 3.' '"Vl d L$jf JLiV tSljUl
Jo J. «, 11 Jo dljJlit CjLuIju ^j^) Cjjjiau SljJJ! CjIj^j a~>* q\ LqLqj 4_u^, ac 4jjJoj
^( L7 1^J .dljiJI 4 i at n dJL>.lj 4-iLx ^ SljlJI CoLul Jo 4 M*< >iU ^1 jj^/I ^
^jjbj _ Ljj-j "^.i H ^j.q t'r> 4_Ai-uaJLl 4 j ^11 CjLljLSLJI ^j^u <j\ jjj Jaj^V .<>Lj->JI
UjJI ^ I j_u£" < al'Aaj RNA loj jIWi - prototypical 4^ jj-«Jjl 51 jUl CjLjI ju
31 \ ">Jt Jo Leo I ^j^a ciJLj iti < n *n^>" jjl 4__j_>JI CjIJuISDI <?JLA "
<(«4 n m*JI r,CJU j?) Archaebacteria JjLIaJI ^1 3^ 4_lLl 3 lU i t a , «>^ SH
Ull^j . Ljj j"<it! OtJJj U ; -j J V 1 ^*-^ Archaea CjUS/VL ^V! w ~ ^1
RNA LijJl CjLJIjIIxj jlt"n 1 j A 4 j 1 ti Leu I — SljiJl CjLuIju LoL*j
superkingdom «Ll£. ^SLU^m ^1 L^xJsj c^xjluul 4jvj>j ^1 J£ ^
^Lj-a 4j^j ^m. t ( V ) j j 3 l r ^ 4^jJ_iJI 0) JUlII J>M_j Jl^
cjLbLuJLI oL^i jjs cjjj! .SljUl cj! j n t rt -vj < L^i iCjL^SjVI : domains
LdjLuj 3l^-Lll diLulju _ L^uSlxIt jj\ ^_>-jJLl ^j^a jJlu i4jLuL>JI (j^J .4-ulOj ^
Archaea-eukaryote 3l^UI o\ j £ j 3 -»» - oLi^jVl 4JM_^ ^ L^jf r.tt "< j .,>, _
( A ) 4-c.jLi. *5lj_ill 2ui_tl^ LjMJJ! ^ c_>l j <^ttl jj^-j U-sj .lineage
(Ji-lj 3ljJL>JLl 4_uljjJl CjLaj)Lt.U jijIj^Sj < nj^ Ij-cLu i _ jr L>- jtUjv^Jj) j Ji C^lLua
CajoJ Lcjj i3l jUl CjLuLlSj>- Jj! Jj-^io (j^a t^loJI ^j^J^Li JUL) » 4_lck]| Lj^L>J!
Sl^lJi oLj_fl_j_lj>. Jj-ol iSljJl LiVL>. Jjl^JLj 3ljjjl 4_j_2_j_2j>. L^L>JI
fj£. n£j mi j 11 "* JI J^aL^ 4-Laj^-ji- ^-jjjj l-SJL^j 4 <i Vw a (jr A J t Jlj^IjjLq
SjjSlil 4 o. t ,J ^ ^>jL£ iCjL^jVl juvl ^>u^>J 4lol£Ul sequencing 4ilallJI
. LfcjLual^l j^SUj ^1 i Methanococcus jannaschii 4_uiLjL>JI 4_uu-ili
jjuJI ^ */V j-Aj i ) VTA ^^i. 5lulLjL>JI ^llJll SjjSU! ^lo- ^
^ 4_la1j ^ i LLl>. WTA ^jdj .^j, mi j II ^ iy^ll ^ ^-^J^-J jJlIII ^-^iSLIt
CjLlu>JI j <• SljjJI oLi_3_i_3_>. jl 31 jjJi CjLijI JLj lJ £ j— tj? ' L-^Jua t-oJl
c-ij-Sf y 4 j mi JjL-dJLi L^jJlI 4 j miLi1_>J1 4_ul "f jtl 3jjSU1 (j! 4_l_2_aJU1
.StjjJI CjLuIju ^jJI 4Jua 3ljoJl Cjljnjn-w
Cj\i7ti rt^iLj > j"^.ttj 1 CjL^jVI tSLu^j'VtgUjJJ Mj^tiH ^jUII* ^UjVt^ "Tt ^jJI Ija
, ilii CjI JsL^V.i_4-_>J)CjUjLSJUXA^iRNA LjyijDNA LtoJI ^ ^ul _,ti Tit *Lu
(ij-uoj jLoji^i ,j_4 (jllVLi) (*) oj^uaJI <jrL*J Jjijjjt (jj-ail Jnn^ JjllaU idLijjiLill
f<^-t-c^ i(4_JlLjJ! 4t mil 5 olVm) JL-X^il ^jU Tt I (j-a i-.L^ ^ ^1 j^»JI »l o ...T <_JL=J (*)
iji^. ti-Li ^.jU,! J_l3 r_ya (Jlill ^j-SLJI j (^LiJ <Lj5La) JLjJ_»JI 4ji 4_lLsJIj d-uaLtJI tJjbfclLaj-ail
.SjLi^l ^jJ I jJ tur ^Vl jJLL^WJ i^^Ulj J>~Vl
~<dzj-Jd\ Sjlj^Jl oL^_Ji
4_Ji]L_iJI 3j| j ^.Tl cjL^wjj c-oj 4--i ^ oLLjL_£ ihyperthermophiles
vents 4_u^_u! dil^jjc^ l_j jJs ^1 4 j miIjL>JI ^LLJLl 3j^£Hl nj « j .£L33jVI
<"iHr> j^ij^> <^ nil (j^ljdW u o 5 j o, til jL*_jJI ^La j^w^j
i \ ^AY ^Lc. . i^j.. mi jJI ^Lua-SJLiuiVI LaLcj 3ju_t_» c-tj>^ Jl^-c (jH- 3 *
(jja 3jlj>.|j ijr Aj * Alvin «^rLaJl)) 4 j oUU 4 3 j o tU jL*_JI 2LudI j-c c<.A.<j*g>
i>s cjU._p^l<u 4_!^U>JL!j j ~>JU j-Ua ^Ja Sj^^JJ 4_uj_ijVI cjI^b-oJ!
Cj-* o.3^ 4JLjL* 3j j i r> ^ j ^lajjJb 4^_»_jJ! 4_u^JLII cjL^jiiJLl
Y * Oj \ Y • ^j^_J 1j oj\j :k CjI , \ 'tC j-Ajjj uH-^J *(J^' I J — ri ^
icdJj ^ Vjuj >pr^r m,<V< JLo^l A^iQUJl 3_Lj|Ji_JLt 3j^£UI ^UXc.m V
L^jbljL/jj 4_uiL>L>Jl AajlJuJLI Sj^JLl j « n"j i solar energy a j.„ ^Atl ^JaLLaJI
l^j^l 3" i ^^jIj JjL^ L^jI 4_3_l3jv 4_uiUL>Jl 4_ul!ull Sj^SJll
cjLjLjJI jIujj 0^i>^' Ju-L^l ^lii jLc. jj&yt LqS L»Uj * metabolism
4-j_jiUL>Jl 4_^Li_dl Sj^SLJJ 4_uM 3"> cjLiL^jJ! 0^5^ «u.lV< .n't
Jj_wj ^| jitJ-w/Lt tj jUtl jLxIl J-^ajaf ur^l 6 LtJufl^j (jf
.dj^ilLI 3 h.lu« j-ii: t organic pathways 4jj) .^>r
SL-aJIJjuol
jj-ud ^Jufl! jrU) ^ juu ( ^ * )cjLo£jV1 j\ jJL-O * 1 ^ ^ Mi l 4_J1 j j \i L*£j
j-i3-2Jl -^J^J ^-4^ 6-* (*^J^' cr^J -<^-^ <>» (jj^- ^H-^^
^\ jjI ^x4Jfcj <LoAja ijJt-JI 3jL>J! dLJLl j-^JUJ t4 n j <ittl jLstJI
Jo I A *it Cxjl^ _ 4j^aJ <_JllJl 4_u-u QJ)jl t 'tl j I Q^jJLJl < ?t f«*n J^L>- Lxj!?j£
(■ ( TCJ (4»LjU3jV| 3l_L>Jl Cj \ \\ A ^J-A tfjl I *j f I ^1 ^J_i-CJ (^jJl t^a<l mJI ^
.4^liaJU Ljjj^-us ^jui-J 4JSJ JjL^ IjUfljO lj h V ma djLa£,l
t Challenger (^jl^iII) j^tULij 4_uU^_JI 4'tiLt ,A\ Cr^ o^j^jII fr Ul*JI
tjLst-Jt jL*^.! oL^lie-4J 4 j if tCjl UjnU pi t.j> ^ muck J^-jJ! ^ CjLu r
^j^LsL *ULtJI (jiaAj ol^ (jjJI t Primordial ooze ^IjuJI U^JI ^1 nj L^SJ
SL^sJl jj-Ld tj (jjJl Urschleim Ur L^^\ J^jj! ^1 t 4_al um<I ^
iSLojsJI CjLu^u JuU jjJu LLl£^ jl ^1 I^Jaj * t>3 -4J->JI J mi Ml ^>jj ina
CjIj J *-TJI j "< J-^J^J '<-'■ Mill I Jufc J^l t>>» <j-*J <jr* ^ iU , |
^ 4__aLLJI 5 j i^^kJU ^L^j^JI L^pSLJI ^ j-j-^ jj^c <L*Jij! ^jJl ■-^ Vl
^yk- mi<V| t- Jt-m ^1) anaerobic 4_ul^&}U! Lj \\ t.Jkt
t4jj J! SjulU ^ -L^_lII cijl-J ^Lal ( _ T l£. ^J-C Jua Ifl in * ) q\ ~j-A ^£jJI
d^j^I Jajw jj-LlJI ^jI ♦ t jry ? ^i£SM Ltf2 ^Jlitj ^ iJLlU Jj^i
^ „U.t c^j-^i cjL1_Jo /ya *UI mi cm ^1 (Sedimentary rocks
Ju:<ALH 84001 ^>_ui! j_«JI iJL^ Ja L^fj L<^^J idebris ^L1«JI
^ct^ ci' J ! t> u' ^ M (^H^ 11 ) ^D 1 ^ 1 J^^=JI
(jr^l ^bi^' Cr^l ^JLH 1 ^' 3l_pJI JJJ-a ^JL^f ^Jjl^J jjuoL>JI C^jJI ^ tcljL;
^X" 2l>.jJu 4_rt_jJolj (jJb Cij^la L^jI /ya Jj^? L^jt ^ <tj L^_4 (fossils CjLj (i *s
■ ^ .< mixtures ^ dilj Jj^J (2b^5tJ dJj-iJLa L^li^ Jya Cdjii
.precellular 4j^L>J1 Jj^ ^^-1^1 ^ vLm- 3 4 ^ ^j j *j> juaj=t - A
j_l^L>JI Lll2j ^ j .t_jj 5 ^ ^ ^1 t ju>Lb > ^ ^ Isua formation
5U*JI Jj*']
ALH 84001 ^uJt >*^JI jL^f oj^jj .^L^ ^1 J^Jt ^
c-j! -v. VI CjI jU* a f. \j n~ in 1 j ^ 1 11 <t i^i ti ^1 kill (j^SJL) CjLlu4_%_1I!
lt^Mj i 1 ^jJJ I j ^ -v . Laj_*£. j->^j) jLto-Vi (j-Aj kiq-mJI
5»jaJI eric SLp o« i^uJI
^J-C LoLoj ( 1 " VI JL_JI (jIoj^U Sj^US 4-JjLSJLt tfjLA
t Iji < </i jujjtlll Sjll^ jLstjj oljl^ U5^-^ cP 3 ^^ .^^tJI 43jju ^jlJI
5 j 3 j mi all i^Lu.jfcjV 4 *r j n mid-ocean ridges cjLLj-^JLI *
L^LH^ cy^l ^^J^^ Lr^i L)^ (*J Cr^J ' 4iUn mil
Sjl^IjJI ^1 cosmic debris ^^LI! ^Lk^JI Jl_£cJL£ 3 ^Vi dilj
Lai i n^vf i£jl-L& q\ Laii *(JJmJ3 A * ' (jIojVlj lliin'i J-jl^iJ 1 (jJJ L^Jua
oiut CjJ Ij . <LLuj jla (J^ 3jljJLC CjIj—c (jIojVl i n*> clt-iL^ j j ^ ) j j *st
Cnj *l <x ATI ^ jj^v^il ^ I U^tl (..Irl aJ^ ,„l 4jL^jJI ^ cj^LjIoJI
.^LjShJ SjJU 4.0..V < X ^LiaJV I (JjL-dJ CjLaLLaJjVl C^St-i-J-o! ^JLlJljJ n_ &\ jSUI
3 j J <r^ 1 mi" (Ij^jiuJi JU-al I mm" i ol I il) I f <i) cxjIj m;>^ ^jj^j
3JLA JlLo C< <u ^^lll i3jtJjLuiJl CjLaLLajjVt 4-jJL>. 4jL^j ^jl . 4>ojL-<aJI ^Lt^w^l
(J^L^j i^_jusL>Jl I m^ij (JjJs 4Jlui ur^N-J 1 j 4JLui ltjjMj ^ ) A ^jIjjj I4J I jJLOJ
J*. dMjSj _ 3^1 jlJI o^jV! m> c^jl^ ^1 oULkjjVI ojf Luj
JI^j V 0^ L^^ 1 Lf>^' (-A>LiJl ^ j m » a ^J^w j^j _ ^Ijl_JI ^jjil
("i^U'tjl (^l ciJjLilLa iJL^ ^I^SLII tlnj »l <X nil ^1 *L^j I
Jlx ilj Mn*t 4uLljL>JI CjLSjJLI (j-* SjbJux CjIjIjujJ Luajf jjp,Ljj L p3jVLj
(>* (^J * Uj fJoJ^J c ^il\ L-^ijSUI ^jJI i Jl*5E-lll tjjjj£l\ Jlitfi] ^yjljj JLti>Ji
1 jl La (J,!*, i V j»l CJj-< M -mlj CiLiiJ JLB 3LpJI CojL£ I jl La Julcl Lqjj t jroSjSLlI
m^jJI t_3^UJI (Jlj-uJ jl t_<L>. Lr Ll C<Uf. JL^ SjMij'ijJI 4_uL^lj| CiLaLtajj^l OjL^
.^jru^SLJI — I volatiles 3^jIU"U jl^ll ^ <j>j^j
L^— J- J J^ln.U ^I—jI ^ j_J1 tj rtIT ^1 < n \V I *— a\ m<1 rj ^1
, ^ J, \~^~} 4 rtMl ^jX* u Li Jj^j ij-a-flJT ^JLk_x3 t j^o j n^tl jLo-cf J_jJL>»j
SUjJI JjuoI
J^uji ^yic Aj^LsJLI basins ^l^Vl L&Ja c^jj^j ^pJI 4jJL>JI 4jL^» cAaJI
i-dJj JLU ij <j.7\\\ ^ylfi. CjLaj-jIII <— Jx.fj tCjJUjJo ^^111 4jj <; rill ^qj>JI
jjjJd J • 4 m ntlj 4J_j_^J| i yu VJ 3 j ' ' ^ ^ aLLjjI <2l) JL_>u t(jrj_>Jl
jjuj . jjjilj (jiajVl (^yi^ a , a\ ^jjLllI jii. Lu£-<u * extrapolation ^I^H^VI
JUu La l ^l>- JjlJLc jljuo ^ i^yli-l jJI n.tl ^LLall! plj^v! ^Jjqj v ^ 4>alc
>-v! <UJa cJixA ^jJI j u «„A1I ^iiaill 4-jJa (j^J mJjJI J Mi- tjc-JjJLI
J J I pL^JLjI ujjJfl . 1 ±£\^J\ l£>-^ ^ULaj>JI CjMJj
4 <ij it 11 CjLaLLajjVI 5 ^ ^ . - ^ *.t l ^LLaJjl j ^ <~ 4.1 < o V * *
hi o mJI ^UiJjl (j^j ^ cj^-pil ^ULaj>Jl Ly.lr 1 (jV intense bombardment
CjIjI JU* (jrj— «tj (j-a (j^LoJ 4j5 Lcij Cjl^oLLaJjVI dJUb J* rn I'Ufl 1 mi! 4_j! L_aJ
3j. J^L-i-j o Mill J Cj^^SJi jLui a jJoLLIj V 4_1)1j orbits
^Cj ^ylfi. t£jjJL>Jt jJu Ij-ja! CjLollajjVI <:<-+ y<^\ ii-JLUl 4 i r ■> ctjjMj V ,A Jl
(jj-JU 10 Jx3 Oljj. u^LujJb dllS M^jJl ULUj Jl^o i^jSJI CjLatlajjVI fj]
C*jL^ 1 ttj tt ir> (jLS l£JLJj (jt J^JJU 4 i fa fjjuj .^j*_>JI JjLb « ^- (jlojVb
^j^o (jr^Mli CjI^uLc ^ir>> JjaJJ - lj k iu ^Luai cJflj ^1 i U rt*4 4jwLv- i ^ F fl 3Lt>JI
3 ^ 1 q (jj) tj5 ^j-^-*!! (jn*J *4_4J^L1I t-flj^JiJl Ci "n*1 (ij-MU-U - iLlLc (jr) null
CjljJldJl lLLLj £ya CjIj mi ttl <"m<\ i^*t JL£ 4-ul J-Jl ^pajVl ^ ;r Ll 4JLuu V * *
(j-A 3l j -sfl ^^ic 4jaZbt->o J-oij CjLollajjVt CxaLj3 Ijl^ tciUji^j .4olo^JI
iCjtjJLl t_aVT ^ylLv jt aCjLIa tolj <Jj t3jL>.lj 3j^« ^j^l c-<£lj£
* L-A>J>->o ^ ^UajjVI r < j ml (jlJ! jj-it-juaJI JJL-C CT ic i jl <i "i f I
euSjiJ! ^yic 3L_l_>JI 3jlj^i Jl t M.j ^ ojla J-UJI cjL-tLa-c T oImi °>
^jj (4^jJl_3JI 4 j VjjJL) 3l j "nil (jjo CjLLl-C Jt rtlb C*il3 L*jj 4-ojIjLjJI ^ylojVl
5* jaII i^Lc 5Ui> O* **** 1
^lc) L-i^jJ^^j^-SLJLLj ^Jl — c jjfcj tBaross ^jjL oj-^ J j * j ^
_ ^jjj jjt3- J^l-* encapsulated 4 Mil a Luj _ ^jVI ^1 c*L-aj SLpJI
. L^Ja JjaU l^SLaj Urschleim ^l^Vl Jrw^JI ^ 4_>l j^JI ^ jj^
^ i 4_lo2) j V 1 SLpJl JjudI JUJL30 ^ LlL^jk CjVL?e-« jj-^! (j-* j^Ij
^ L^LL_uj_i L pJI Ljj>. jJ^q_ij>J I <- r< ^ Lj^-jJtj ^oJi . Laj-lc ^j^-} oLLu
4jjJLI ^l^Vlj 4^1 jJl ponds dJj^JI ^ <->\ m^j 3l_oJ! 4_jjjLl!l ^ujjJll
CjLuIjlj CjjjlaJ SljjJI CjI jji ^j! ((4^^)} Jj_>a 1 fllYaj Stidal pools
SUaJI mV»1
Jrt mi ^ 4_^L^_J1 jl^JLI seep^Jj *v ^ <^_J! -^J-^i^' mid-Atlantic ridge
JjC^Jj-aVI £yC Lljjjlj L-OJ^Jsi DjlC-Luaj f ^" 4-JjL^jVI Dj^Miflf I SjulLj i^yic^U
<ju*Lw ryi L^jJj_uj^£Li_/j ^JLc j-Aj tPace q^jJ jLaj^j J>OJ * j^LS >it£5
£jr Lc. itlr^itJ ct^^Lh (sludge 3L*3.) u^fc 1 Jj^ J^-* 1 W-bjA^^
j^ia^JLl Lt j1> Cu!i\S Lcjj tJa-pJll ^Ls ^ hot SpOt «4Jl^Li_u 4juL)» J£ i^j-a-u
1 1 V-JjIj ^j-o 4jI_slU * j t * dLpJI cLj_S CjI mm jJI
^jj! SLsLl^VL iBlj-JI CjLj_L_i_a_^_9 cjLuIju 4 j.'^jVl SL^t r^..r/^!
CjLOJI ^1 j 7t~n~ M>jVl <J^l£ La Juki ,3 jjUlII c_jLLiVl cdJj .CjLi^jVi
^ J^->j C^>Lf> JjuaJLs 4JbliJI 3jL_o-jJI oLLuJI fjV^ 4£L1Tl4J m^JlH (^jLoJI
, 4 ru o »tl diLLxpJLl
£yi ^ njlj i^l^jjJI LajkJI £jja CjLJuJ SLltkJ I (jU 4_LjLoJI 4j ^ kill ^Ir C-tJej
J|Jj_o ^j-c- ' . <jl i Darwin (jjjlj jJjL*ij k<3j jJ* t<i>
»j j *s1 4Jj 3 t hi 4_Lc (. ,j y~ tidal-pond 4jjJLI <^J>-^i 4jjJiJ j-^^j 0^ U->j
31,-L-aJLl Sj^t-^JLi long-chain molecules 4l ml.M tl 4L^_UJ1 oLJuj— >J1 o^Sj
^^sl^^Vlj (-dj^aJl (jLs-xS^ j3^Jj S CjIj^j CjI j^<3 1 ^ ( (i li 1 3jj£Lo i Lq^rw
cM^LoVI S^Lclj < ^tj <\y~A\ £y* ^LJLlLo cljIjjjJ basins >^Vl ojjt J^j.* T\
j^34J cdJjL^j . J-^"!M— i>uJL» 4 ^ j i mi j^L) CjLlj^_>JI ^njln n ^1
cUI L^_lB (Ji>-*J ^L^l iOl U j "nU jLc-Ct ^ SjajxjJllj idJLA Lo->JI 4 j r
o^Lclj CjIjj^ j *~>s>~ \ l j. i ^ I 4jj mm 4_uLlx_jSJI Cj^LcLHJ!
yic 41m,1 m,!1 2ULjaLLll oL1j^->J1 ^jl^> n ^Lc jucl m.1 ^1 rewetting JLJI
gjjaJI t^lf 6 Up !*■■>■ It
JlZl4-j j^-yjJl 3Llj>JLi jfltiia ^c_jjLj 4 j t riLuj I 3jj_uaj ^_4> jtjjlj (jj
evolutionary ^j^Iallt 1 j j j ^ IjJl^ J* Atl, ^ , t -,t^ 5
1 jl jrj-l-til L^j p i a " i ,i j V 4 i ,, t M <j\ (jji I < i development
SLijtU 3jJt" a extinctions CjLusljJijlj 3 J J i"ia CjU jmH -^i-^i JLujxI
oLI^-pJI (jl j 1 i ~i r Li . 1 <>ij< ^j^Vl j^LII (j^Lj-SJLij i^p^jVl (ji^.
jjfc «l_AJuL9l j\ \ Q a, \ Vr ( fd» jl_*_Jo (jL£ L<uj t4 mi A (jj^ 0' Lr^l SJlJLjlU
Qja i 3^?T 4 t i>m jij r (jr a L_ « ^ \c dl_L^>JI j jk" La 4j! j-aVI
i 4_^sLc 3j^ isy ) 4_4J^>Lo i— 3jj-LaJ I i rV> pi JUu i ( j\j")La 4 t iru Luj j! tp^ null
j., <i je-d ^ ^ ^ l*i ->JL I rVl jj^j U 1 1 CjL al mi U JM-^
j^ialJi ^j-a (jij^l 4 ntrn Tl 3 ^^jJI ^jj . 4 < ni <L>.jJU m^jjjj ^jjLpJ V
JuV SLocJJ LcjJj J^^t j^J-aJt /ys JUju^IJ Jj-Lall jj^lntl ^j! jj t4jnU I* jJuj
^JLULj t 4^wjl! 4 j -vtl oLulSUI j£j 4_cu-^LiLt ju3_j_^ ^L^ <G!
CjLLlJ! L^K CijL^ *4 i t>>J$\ 3Llj>JI JJ-UO (Jjljf J < r> V J Li-txL-Uj
ch^ o^j^j S-^ .4_JIj*J1 5jlj^>JI cjLwjjJ 4_t5til ^1 ithermophiles 3jt j^>JI
3^U! 3L^kJI cLUil o?
^jlc Jj irt -»JI (jjic. SjjUs ^! i autotrophic ^j...t ^1 4_u! j c*jL^ early life
.4-1j_J! ^ LjJsLLs #:! jJiJ! ^^Ic. «fl (jJLc 3j gi.^o c« m jtj *Luli « L^jLlLs))
*«methanogens ^jl'ijoU SjlJ^AI Ljj /^jH J*i3 U£ LjUj
Miller- Urey ^jjj _ jlL a 4j>^>J : jLlU^VI ^j^jI ^ 51 j ->J1 j_Lud ^
^jjua) j>LLlJ ^ .U n j-^*^- (j-^j-^ cr^ « ^Lc ^ .experiment
.(") juu& j^Lj^jj <- <j ^ » ij^LSLtji ^UL^La&j * . i stl 3^ (stadium (_otJU
pre-biotic «4j^_lj>J! J^2» c_3j^JaJ! JJL^ SjLcl jlLua ... d ^ ... I 1 ,U
tflasks jrUjjijLi O- 4 oi^? L^li^ tijjJJ jiL-a ijr^ (JajMj
L*j>* fr UI ^ injected Li^j ^LUj j-jj^ tLjSj^ ^UL> 2uIi^J1
LT? V ,„ n cij^i ♦ J^S^ c^ljuJ! ^^>J1 c_3>UJI j^j^
(jruj-jVl juw! ^ S^^' ^ steam jlitj 42c ^ U_4 t ^Lll
^ 4J9LLJI jolt 4j^a 4_jl3_> jUlJ! (Jj Jo1j lULaJ '^jjIaJI BjjjLaJ! ^JJ
UT hL djjL^o ^pJI lightning discharges jj^-JI oLijjuilj AjLm, a jd>^
^condenser < ffi a ^1 L^j j_a_s Lc_a <4_ijUlJI Ajj-uVI j^c: J a , AJ t 4j^1aJ1
^jjj — j II j a 4jj-_>o liJJ Juj ,4 jlrt Mill djjjLaJl ^^Jl
.gaseous phase 4y)UJI 4i>-jJLl ^ o_>^j gi>M ^L^Jt <>« input
i«$4_Ac ir^ -nil J-^Jjj Cj i ^1 1 JL>.| fj^>. (^JJJ ^JfejLvi jL-wi jl
t^jliVl c-jL^UI uiJJ-o ^yJI b j ' » * i«5Beilstein ^Li_JiLj» :<j;jjj
jj-o-J S4"i "*-"nl ^JlII Lo . ^LjI 4 t <r> jt L*^Jbj->u ^JlSj (^jjj^ jlL^a
j j ry> sludge L <iW ^>£J i^jllALu ujllf> ^ <^jjJLl cjL^jJII
. . . LfJl 'l & CuLii _ 1 J J r <M 3j J i*S _}1 jLcLj - \ $ 't Jl \ /y3J t 4 <ll" ol_JjJ)_J>Jl ^j^J
(4jjuaijVl SLljcU «4_uLljJI l_-J I jJll 1 » (^^J t4 j m aVI ^dLoo^VIj ) 4 j Lla I (joLo^-l
^jj^LJl ^yJa cjljjJI ^IjjS j-^j^ er^J *u^Jl? — ^J'j tlr?-* — ^ — 'UJ-d>^b
.Sj^iSij CjLl<^SL> ^If 3j^>-jj<i CajI^ (jyjJlj
jJsjj i^UI Uj t ni I jj S4 j o ^Vl ojufc JSj oLLljj^JI j-l^utj I^U o^J
L^j t^LgJtt £y& fjfn j^C i~t\ 4_CjJILo <Lcj oe-fl ^ !_iLi CjLlu^-jJ! £y& 4 nil V a
iOljLiiVI Ji-^jjj i4JUaJI * structural support tjjuM ^jJI
t IjuIju A^jJll oL^jit jiiH jro ^ cjLLuj^I juuj .(enzymes
tjjfc blocks .«< 1 1 ^ 2l1jLa 2lc <.'»1j JaIoj j£La ♦ 4 m ^ VI a
CjLjjo L^Lo 3jl_^!jJI J[$L jLj sentences « J-^U 4j^£LU CjL_t£Jtl J^laJI l-uj
tSj^ (j-d ^U^-Vl Cj^ ml ..." >-.lr I ^1 4j .n'rlb JL>JI
4JL1LJ1 permutations Jj^LpJI <y» ^ bj-c />SLJ .4_lj»JI bMJtU L^jjuUs
J-^' t^^oJ^Jl l>J) **' < «i U (j^^ L_j-^>> jJj j jtl (j^l 4 j ( f.Lt-ul CjLqjU ,a l£JLlA
.Sj^IjIlII 4 jm aVI ^>l=>Lqj>-Vl i j r c JL>.lj j-^j^ (jr JLUj^ ^(J|j^>J 4_L^_jiJ Jlu£.
in ^ 1 ^ t t4jM a? LusL gj^ ( <r ( I _ jJ_Lys 4_i^_>ij ^Jjlj 1 ^ , O r
^ OB 4j| iSj^I ^jjjj jiLus Ja^ tJUJul J>AJU t-jLuaj Juii : J^Vl
^jjjftj j-SLoj j? (i- U SL^ j jt i4 ^Lq^VI ^ j j ■< JJUC 4_ij-_ae_lll
4i^-J-« 3, \ ft t o oUu)^v j_L^ 4 jl o . - C JaId JL3 4_uljL-JI ^IsjVl
ALH 84001 e^i^l Cjlj.njaJI J-iU: ^Lfl * Ja^ ^ Lulj
«jLu]» 4JSUj CjLjjj-^' -^J-^ J^? >Jk Lo :J1J-l^ ^jf
Lijj^ (jf tijjjj j^Ll^ LaIj^I ^ Ji^» v jL>J jL^ Uj; SbLl^JI
Li^LS (^Su (jJjJJ _ jiLw 3j^j>o Lt^ * J'J*^" <jIaL<uOM ^ilLjj fj] Lo ft aj
^yJI ^ o " n <ut < rtni'^t Lo (jLcj^j i^-JI^LuiVl Murchison Qj » " j «
L^Lajul SjUI Ji£ Jilxj ^Lllbj i3_ulju 4_u^j^£j*1 cjjjjlj^SLJI l-sLLus!
-j^j^Lj 4_*jji (Jf Lc ^ JLJ^J 1 4 jJLo t M i il Ml tt ^Itrw tl (JjSLj 4jI JU Jui£.
^1 4JsLbVL> , 4-^-4^1 ^U^Vl ^ I n!" Lc^j Vi j^jkj
.RNA UjJIj DNA UjJ! ^ a «lajl Jj ^m,Vi ^1 3j j ti^tl 4 mi o ^.11
CjJUvj i*±jXk> CjI^Ioj Jl*jj tdl^b dj*_^|j 4j1iaV| ^Lo^Vl
^Ljj^ 3_jVgj Murray (jljj-* 3Jjjl^j v>>-^ <U n m jJ*\ j-^-^-
jl-iU >>Vlj (jJUJI JLjtli U-AJi^t dhi3^ ' mirror-images
J^oaej tdLpJl Cj5jlj LaJlic * 3jl>-Ij « Ju uL>o!» ^-a CjIjjJjv Jo-^j LaJj£. j-J^t
i jjuJL JIOj Lq-a^ 31m '>> 3>_L4U jJ-^l ^jic Jij-ijj cr^Lj^^' o'
^JJ jUfl.u»«jtl 3 M.'^LUI col ( 4j . «ntl CiLljj^JI u-* ^i)^* jrLuV ^jL^<
,3_jju»jVl SLpJl jj-t^D ^ 3jabJl 4jjLj-uu
4_tJLi^4_tIl CjL_jj^_>J| ^j^a Ijjl , ^ Ijjlc j-j-jJ I j-j-C. CjI jl« til gpuZ (j\
.SLpJI ^j-tkjJ (^jj-*^a jLlI^L Uoj^j ^U^Vl handedness 4^^j
t4 J M<t Vl (^L^Vl -i^>-J ^Lo/I SLpJI 4_5tLual j^ljJb «£Jll)> 3 i < ditLjj
j-j-c J-i-^l ->>^j j'lj (jrukL>JVI fj^i 4-jjl mi" a mixtures 4-^3-^1 J J-^J ol
^jL_<_u_jJI 4->-^lll SjLj-lji Ljjjj3 1 o m i Jij) rt ttl (ft nit! ^j)" i ii a L3-^.>1>£?
ijLp.Vl t-^ j3 o^U^f ^1 ^ l£>1*j o 1 ^ ( M ALH 84001
fltVj m£jJ1 - (JjL-uJ n <ij _ 4_>.^lll £j_> ( j- c - 'u ^"J>^ Cr^hH"^ j-3e_>Jl
3jj-uaJ < Pi l"j VI t4_utjLiJI ^p3j^/l ^^oju^ibJ ^^-iJI dlLaJl pLolc ^ubLi^a ^jl
Lujj l-^I^£JI frl >>> nil j i r 4ij^laJI 41*^1 c*x!aAj t 4_uljL-JI ^jVl
^jVt CjjLoi ^^lll Liij^JaJL jl* n I <i i'^ .(Uiajl ^jJtUI jru pi «>>nH
4 i L> -alitJ jr) j<Utl Vn Mil ^ ^ui-tJ jJl j_jJL1J| (jLJa i4_Lj| JL-J1
L-flM-iJl ^ VjLi3 *4_uIjlJI ^jSLI m^j^>J| L-fl>UJl ^ Sji^^Ll t >0.jjjL_i^Jl
*(jr^JljJLj-4]| ^1 I J I i u \ j J iSj^ m^JJ f>fJI (IjLstjVt tic.1 J J "
jjnntl ^j_>Jl caMiU ^jLu ^L v V"m iL (jy lJI c-jjLfclJI C-ocjjI Jl3j
^ jJlj '(J^* JjjL_|_gJ! JUuL-tdU jjr* I J J *( ^ 3^JJ>.Vt C-Jjl y't\\ djLA ^LOJ ♦^_Lj^3tJJ
<jl Ij-laJJ * 4_j -r 1 m <i*f ill 4 t itu^U ^^sj^-jlj LaJjui 4_jjIjlJI l^jLLxj^XI
<j i.ii^ Mitt ,,. A;,tt j^a 4jt-j/Vl ^jUj ^SIj ^j}U ^1 jlJ! ^>>JI c^MJlJI
i(j^lAjJI) Lu^Vlj ^uywjj' L'^b 'O^*^' 0-* Ji)-* lt^ ^precursors L^jLLlL-u
^ t 3 , ( , jtl oLL>^lj CjIjjJI ^ jujljlII jLso^I (^I^ eagerness
5 « j U ; A ^ 3 j j~/< J<l ^ « ( „,.,i„,^j <lLu>u _ oxidation Sjl^VL SU-^JLt 4_lUjJI
SjL-t^Vl ^b^! ^ * f ^ '(f^b^ cr* ^-J ^ >*j) ^L-*^ ^J—^ lJL-t-3
Cjtjb Lq JlLc iSLu-u ^yJj^jlj jJua . i^jtfl J^al t~<ll h \ »1 mi a Jpl^ ^1 j^JlLi_u
t cUr. (^jIjjj tjf Lot ( «ili^tlJI» 4_lojjlU (JjS-Vt 4_uLjJI JJ-uaJl (jric (j^
CjUIj_j_>JI ^! t t\ j in itl Ljiij JL_^J *Q^>J (j' < rtj^"" j!
^ gyy * » 6^ positive adaptation ^LajJ i hfo j ~ . j <,jj^Vl
\jjt J£ t4 j r^jVl 3Lj-j^U j jU't tj t jl t^LSt-ilt j i^j) (jl
i^VI cjLL^VIj ^Ac (^Ic UhiI» :twin rejoinders jryil^_UI <jJ->jJt jl '>> ^ ".1
Panspermia JtUJt jj-m&II
^ya Cj Li!uJ 3l_j_>Jl jj) jJba — SLoeJJ Jj£se-A CjJIj Jj-^f JjIju 1 'i.i\c
JaTJs ^Lc ^ ♦ cosmic seeding Lr ij&\ jj^Jl Jj^-f f^l^
lIj! U-w^L-a a* • **. ^ jjlj ijjjJLi ^Ic 3Lj_jkJLj ^ j r Mitl ^L«^LaV1 j^^Lu ^j-a
j-jJLSj t«Die Umschau duc-dl» 4_uUtVl 4-L*_*IJ 4JLa_a Arrhenius q-»>jm AjT
^bLjuj (jl L$.&«.j _ °) Spores ^\^\ Ji-b 4JLoj^Lo . 31 j <j! L^a
i_3jJI LJT k: cJli cosmic seeding ^^SJl j3-^' 0' ♦ J^LJJI j34^^
jl > ■>.? C<tjjl 1— «JUC r^> Ti Sjjlj ^yJJ ljJU?e_^a CJ^ n *^ L^j! i4_L^lD Bjm^U
L^f £■! ^1 JLl jlj jjLl^jjl^ ,ALH 84001
j^j^SLj JL^ I ihjl (j^jjcj^JlLfl iJ^LLalU I Jut j^ia . 4_iitjj^a I ^ ali jjSLj Jl£
^ <jf >* lAajJII SALH 84001 .< j :
4jsL>. t «4laU-)) 3j3_^> ^ 4jL^i V La ^1 *LLJI ^^k. SjjUa 4 uojVl r,< j |
j *K j 1 1 \ $ a\ $ a L_al m" t ill ^ ^ LaLaj SjjLs (JIaj 1 fl*^ t ^jJLLj 4lcL^ j. . ^ j
CjJ^>-I u-a j 1 "I I ^jL^ t(JL>JI ^ * ^ .'^Vj) SJlIIj ^-LdJJ L^-tb^jLj J^a^j
[J-U^L- <4 jt L-SVT (J-^Ij i^fO-CU £-J-*aJ ^Tljk ^iaJLJ V '^t -^i II ! \ ^ 1
(^yi^. Ij tn^ g-l i^i Ml 3j£^>.j_U d J T ' " ^ *.'^ <3>-^ « ("i^t Jjj«j .((j^JLmjJI
£>Sl£ -jV "' 4_JuiVl (j^A 4lal£ 4jL^j j^jj 3 jJx-j^ j;^ 2Lljv.jL>JI
4 t m>VI Op 3 i <J-^Wj . 3Lu^_>- ^*->- mt^- 4_c-3t->. Jujyj jl j mi lLIj-jj (Jj>.I Jj ^y>»
JjoL£ ju<u ^1 4^>JI uUwii >JI _ cosmic rays <Luj£JI
4 t >L^JI Lj, j i \ I ^"i -w. ^\jU>J j I i_3^LjI I X oj _ c_ <5s I J^JI j£J tr> (ill
. 4_L1^ oL-d^j ^4^- (5**J 5jJtj-^l jlj^i-l ^Uhnl V 1 4 1< 1 t dormant
fjji i«4_xi£j^ (jriJ» 4_L>-j j L-t^J LajjJ . 4jj ^ i mi
* jLl^o t-dj^i-i 4_i_^^ ^ 4_tjjii 3jUU ^ijJ (j ^^Min j .djJti-aJI J>-
i^jjjjlllj i^-ulj^-JJ 4 t mi U ^j! U (H l^.^'a Lu ;4 * miU 4j^jVI S^ajuua I jl Jicl
*;lj^>-l j|J-^>- ^yja ^j^I<J Mr^Ilj t 4_j^jVl dJuk (^JijJ^ *(*JJJ ' i J^fjj-i Ij
1 ^ K ^ j iCjLjjjJ£J1 L^juu jjI^ t4£^>J| 4ju^u CjL*_u^>. ^LHjJ ^1 t objeCt ^ i (i-^H
J^jJUl jl j . nil cdj-ilJI ^^ti *JL^ (jl ^yJLj ^1 Ji2 4jL^I ^
^-ac->Jl (jU-fl 1 i jJ>~] (jll ^ j n miU ? Mil l j*j}LjO m i j ^_ae_>Jl
tPJIj - 4Ji^WI a^^ii! jL*^Vl ^ jjl^ jl^-^j Uiu ( ALH 84001 ^^J!
ij\ L^ljLJ ^jl^U^JI 4_j^J! CjLuLSLU ^j<U i4JL>JI OJJt > (jrlloJI ^
,4 i miU 4j^jVl CjIjjjLj ^i-j ^yJL. SLpJI (ji^. Jlaj
jrij j-jIjJI j cJLAJ! c-l^JI jru r<l ^ "nl jl2 cosmic seeds 4_uj^JI jjjl^lII
j.fNrt" Tl 1 I i< CJ t \ j ♦ i ii II tljJu>JI I Jl^J UjLtljl ,4 lino Mill
i4 t ^ U 4^jL-aJLl (j-ojJ ^yjj^Jl jj-jJl cbjJ^>- ^j^JLl (j-A jL£ Ijt I o
iCrick tiJLj^ j.m ,,nt jJa 1 . 2 *Vt ^jc-uj jLui 2Luju<u Salk Institute
^J^i ^-jiaj *Orgel J^j^l c^j^ 'La! jJL^i J^j V ^jJI <h<0j .DNA
jL_3 i^-talll <>ju& ^ a .directed panspermia «4_^jl1 J-aL_jJl j
(j^Vl c_^I^LIi infect ^juu <jl Lv<i r OjLiiJ Ujj 4.u>>jSM oLl^m^JJ
4j^>JL1 4_pJI oLulSLJI jij^ <4JjL*Jt( . 1^3 3juL_J! 3l_pJI lLdLajL
3L^>J1 isUjl ^ cost-productive 4_^Kll! 4< ,,,<ILi A-l^L^I ji£t
(_klf t>« 4 m c. <jLs ^? - microorganisms 4_j^4j>Jti 4,j.,.>Jl cjLuKJI ^
. l^^Lal ^ jr^l ^ ^ruMii oil* J^U P v ) dJLUI
cjP" tj' J* 1 Lj*-aj ^jlJI <-< J mi l (>C Jx^jj5j ^Ai>^ 0-° J*L^
tjl LiiJj Jt rtl ljJaL>- LjJ^j LJLj? IjlUcIj t( ^>i*Vl t-c^l^SJ! tl(j^LlJ <j^>J
3L_lj>JI j-jij (3£>-^ 43 1 A m Ljj^ij i^j^Jl a J j ^ Lul I i*r "i,u ml
iZjjlS Luj 4 j i>>jVi SLx^sJI j! ^jJ-ij (^ij i cosmic zoo «4_t^£Jl jij^>Jl
^_ul j_ >• cJLkjjl >-! diljl — jl Sj^fl (J-Jji ^? ^j-c (Jj->-j^^
^1 J V*i < hLj L^J (j^L>Jl 3l_j_>JI l_iLj^ ^jj Ju 4_jjusjV1 3Lp-JI jj) m qjv. I 2L5uiL>.
(jy IiJ! i4_nilL>JLl dti^.rt Mill tjf-jz j-t- L^ JjLi ^ I J TtTt hi Li (JjijJj i ^ ■ ,, ^ * 4_uljjJI 0jJluA\
cjLij SLpJI ciuL^ IjJ Lajj-^- j *:jJLI j-^jjj ( _ r iJlj t 4_^jl (Vtja cioL^ Lcjj
oLx^JlJa oL>JVt ^1 j.j mm q^&I ^ oLuLLi La J£a * JLw (Jr Li j
^^ajtj £_/s i^_>o (*->j 4-4-1 1 mm a CjIjJlII q^i 4^dJj_>J,l £-J^jVI (j->s <j_jl-*_ojJ I
(tantalizing 4jjul_a SjiLia ^ Jl^j V JjaLUl j>h-N op 3
JfisLojt l_sLuj_1^I JLlC i4-«l_£. Sj^juaJ ^j^LII jJ-jJI JlLa 1 a * Lfcjl j*i ^1 ^ **m m
<r<jl-w 3Lj>J! Lcjj iVjt t LgJ^L>. ^yo cjj^Id jls ^^j^M ^^Ll SLpJI q\
Cjj-^Io Ujj t l_Ul3 ,^oJt_uaJI Jui f J! (jjJb [4jjJH ^tj^Vl modeling luu]
Llj^j ^Jl 4 j i (i (ILj . «4 ^ ttl jL*_jJ! < JT £ 3jj_>.^_ll 4-uj_uVi CjI^eJlJ! ^yS SLpJt
Jljp V o^jVl ^1 3L_>JI L-d-^J 4jMU1 c>VU" ^1 ^.cv ^IJa <j-^L_>J1
jl LuSLjotj (M^jVl ^jLi. 31 j jj-jj-II LuCal lilj .viable Jjj, iU"U iLUa
^jjjLa ^^SLujj i L^j ^ i^j-'J ^^yjj^-ilJI ^jjLlJlj 3Ll>JLj 1 (j g > <"< ^j-* jjljcj
.^jjSUI 3LpJ1 L^j j $ tVt j^pJi 4Jj)^ ■ oil o^o 1 ^ J ^yj^^ ^1" m ( nl L7 Li
j>. , J -L^N J ^ j fsl ljJL4 LjJ < ^j! L_<Jt_> 3l J-J-H )1 J "Tini (^jJl q\
4j! jJuj ^jit-ijJli (J7 $j k -uJI (jt ^iij lt^-J • 3L_>J1 ^.j) mil ^JLuaiJLl 4_Sj^iaJI
. jj^JLl :4juIjJ1 4 uui <% nifl 3j-jt i H ^-A^ 'O^J^^ 3L.^Jl ^^oj^uaitJ
6
4 o <j j ^
SjJLb Ljjj-Sj 4_1j1 U"< <\ rotation period
jJl^f ^jL^J (jit^H* f jj J£ o! M -J*jft\ u' JJ->
jj_5e^o tilt Jj— « ^ " -v. j . Jjlrt ^ 4_C.L-._u Y 1 -^~_>*
y_) (_>^>j^' obj-* jj- 5 *-* (J_y < *^A? £_l>^ Obi J
4_3}L__ ^jJl_jtjj *j»>JI ^Ll_i ^ ^ J '^'^
I J U n 1 1 p « a\ I (j ^£uj .<:_!! j ^ J_J___J|
.<(4___>JI
^JLija ^Lui^ j-a < jlaalII u>^>^ oj-^I ^Ij ^ I <jo ^3 JiXLj ^j^oU
t>° J^LTU t_3>Lli^lj 4jL1jJI 4j>-j! j J dirt" 1 f (*C « j (jJ^J . ^-iUi! Jl_iL>J! *yz
L£-*-*JJ i^j^/l ^ U mi (jl^. 3L_j^>. Jt ->»1 jj, V n "rtj t jj^JLlj (^psjVl
i , Ja3 jSUI tJJt C*jj£ ^1 CiLtUjJj : ^H^stS 4-lLui *l j^kJ
»4-a-tnin 3j^jJJ ^L_uj^V| ^ ir 4_u jL>JI 3^9 Jys JajaJs /.£ *
( n oj < In t j ^*>it *U " '"'^ O^" j" (< ^ ^^^jVI £^>a Julj I 4jV I^Jajj
^pajVI JUlj ^jIjjj 1 <t n > tj-tx A q \ "I * _ *1 V * £jr\j Lo ^jljjj n o mi* I
jL<-u-« j-jlC LfJjJtJJ L^jV Ij-laJ ijj-c ^j^-lLo M _ \ \ (jyj Lo jnfl mi II
La ^ hi r*> 4^1 i n a £_>^-o 4j J^-La 3jj <^->j ^a-dlXu jm<i Mill <• 3juIL
JjuaL^ <jj .^jlajVl 4_«_)^5 ^JL_^ Ly l£. ^ylJl 4 t mi II 4 j < .mi mi It
lr 4..J mi o Mill 3j1j_j>JI CjVj_ A-xa ^^al <i -*tej|j j_jjJJ 4jLl^ j ir ^ <i
«. I^_<m-*-4j Ij 3l_j_=>-Jl
L>* ^ji^- 3l_j_j>. _}j_j>-jJ (jr^_5-«-ll JlA ^j^a i U Mj-j
d>l J *S 4JlC ^J-LJ Mil l JUJLtfuJI ^tJjJ,! JULJ ^jj <■ m mi <t Mill In ill
^psLoibjl ^ju \*'t n t^j,<Mt Mill 3j1j^ £jja JkS
tfjuu <_ . njH <r M (^uoLkJI Cjj^aSUI ^jkj ijupiter mi 1,1 ij j < n*i Lu^£
1 $i ^ (j^J j^yllJI J^L_>,J . 1 J Q-w C-^l jSJI <*f>| ^- AJJ Mill (J^.
. J Li_iJ i J CjljLiJl (j^O 3j1j^ 4jL_3e_L^ ^ ' Jj9 _ 4_jJ^^_ijJI jLflB^Vlj rnflj
4_Cj_4jj Coljjlj <L>1 mil U , t i ^ ^.1 a<jI . 4_ul jJI 1 g "i jpLx j-uG
tPJIj i JjaJI L^ia J£ jLj ^1 3jUI o}L£j ^ uy^y^ j>^> ^1 jLl*JI
m£J| idUli JUUJ . LiwV u , mi U unmi ^jJI J t 4jLa- Mill t 4iH£ >^Vlj iiSj£ji\
.asteroids cjI^u^JI ^it-^Ij *L$J 4jull!l S^oiJl
^l^juaJI Ijla c, j^j . matter 3jUI ^^it J^astl] 4_ujL>Jl La jl> "< , „ *
^ ^ hi Vj-i-^J J_Lo LftvO t<(^ V>t J i n (_^jJI J^b dip ^jJI)) (jLl Jj-Sj (^^1 <Lj*SLxJI
^L^jJI ^IuL^j CxjI^ tjJu-ot _>>-ij J^H^ cjrJ-J 4^a-i<i.-v 4-L>lJLa ^jl VI t^jjjji.Vl
CjL^Lj^SLII c-J 1l>J J^ia^l 4_uojj3 4j*_Lo L^-d XII 4_li^ S^Lj
a ^-<v>o tj<m nil! 4 jl <^aVl 3jU,l c_JLcl p in'il t *j^Vf 4jI_£j
jU^Vl j? 4i„i o ,^,tl (-^IjSLlI Ju^f CjLlIj^SJI ^ 3J>>.^L1 4±iSLJI
4lllSj t 4jM. ouiTI ^I^LII Jupiter (j^lAil j < "< *j . l^J 4juIi!I ^ J: <tl
J^j La) i nil! 4±l£ Cr ic Jlj)3 V l^H _ (jlsjVl 4il^ ^ 3^ VU
4±L^ < rt* <n 1 (j^jljj! 4il£ jLjj t^jVl 4il^ 3^_d 4l\"< j-Lo-B Saturn
if^ii^Jlj tjr^vjjJu^JI ^ J^-JJ c^pALi * I rttin ^ V (J3JJJJ i o^J^'
jijj oLaLutfl (p5 JLc La-^jjSjJ Ij-Iajj . Mill <h£ qja */ W \ <njl (J^LTUj jdil
jLLUl ^ J^l j-ul^ t Cj!jLi]| eJaJwl j j V t m CLuoLa L4M jJljj ^\ l{ J .^
jJL3 Jjj J W*n LkjjJLj Cj_«1^ (jy^ll J <3jLU 3>a j-jl^I 4_il£ ^ i r>") CuL£ J_o_3 i^Lcb-oJl
^■(iq nil! (jja 4_lj^jo]! J^IsLlI,! (jLfl idUji 3^ ^jti^t tl <^£-j . 4_u jL_>Jl ^J-S 3^
Jol (i " "v^U ^ 4_^>»j jj j i -v- CjI j CjL_l£Ljj_£ « $.Loji )) daJs - -■***
_ jjjilj i^jVlj idj-AjJl j OjLLail Cr^3 - 4_tL>.(jlII 4_*jjVl 4 j m c ,MI t_^ljSLll
jijj 3^» * JuJu>Jl j t^j-LoaJ^lj t^^-sr (XVlj t(jj)^jlj < nil (3-4 4_lj_u_uj ml 3j^-*
i(_pDjVl < Jim t \ j \ ) * * * 3>» Jjal I ^ <i r « In < ii j "i <i ^Ljj jjpJl j
. Ll^^ 4Jj£ ^L^J */ \ 1 Jrw 1j-u£ Jjij La JIaj
^Lfl iSQllSUlj ^«t>iii Jlu>. {jA (j^j^/t 4_ui jyAj id^JbjJI l- tSj^ Lol .djUll ^ylil
LT 1>. j-t ^jJt i Mercury jjlUr j '.^j^l 4±l£ 3>» /. j^jjc 4 "\"<>
3-4 4jj-Sj 4 M" ^ jJL-uaJ 4^3e_j_jjj , i j^o>j^\ 4,1"^ 3>s */0 , 4 "il" ^ jJLlj <7tJ^II 3-4
3^4 L^jw La^Lc, 3j-AjJI c-^a^ < f il*L4j (tiJJj 3^* o lt^J * tSj 2 ? ^^-^
4_a»U < ii (jy lil 4j (U* i^iJ lj->- 4_^L-4— oJI 3_4 jJoj ^jJI 3^>^^ JU,.i.n^l
jjfc i^j—sJI l_3^LjlII I j-Aj .^jV! ( _ 7 Ll ^yse-LxoJ! Jai—tAJI ( _ r k. 3j-_4 4j1_a Jl/^j
p^" jJ (jIdjVI ^3e— »U t--t^j_^ (jr^- ^ $ J^J— J|>^^ Jsaa-juaJL
L_Jj-i) 3>^>^-^ JU-4-u-£i ^ 4 j_^c_>J) 4_u jjje-uo 3-^^*1 > 4j thU CjLuISUI
**JLH>^^ Jj.m^l (jt-iI!) 3^ t-^J^ L^ 4 ^* *— ^3^3 ^-LqJ La-4 t^r lijfiH
jl-uji^I 3-4 LLlI^ Ls^Lx. jjjJLI 3 Lb tSjuAjJl Jiu 4i!L4j
3^a 4jLo 3-4 *3^>- 3^" (J-^? ^L^A , „ t< JsaJLcbJl 3' ^^-^J 1 -^ (Jrf-^J *U5i>^^
. jjjJLI c U 1 11 2l1jL-uJI oLujJLI JjalSHI ^jLu-II < mil 3-4^j i^-j^JLl 4-ti^
? «jU ^ ^ L i »au
^ 11 1 mj JJ>I1 (jyi^- ^Ul (jV t^JjJLl ~ ^ ■ " ^yl^. 4ijLwi oLua J^>J o^*i ^
t>* */ * » ^ J->1 — *^ 1 — fl M^t - 5 a ( Y ) jb ^ Cij^— "*J ^zJ^lm (jr lc
(j-^1 i <■ ***J « 4_j>»j J j (i f ro j CjjL^jj—^ 4_>-jJ YY ^ (jy-^ 1 ^ 4jj1 j^>.
^JSV jj-xj ^Lo jLitj ^L* jLitj ^JJ Vj^tJL^ jj^-lt sublimates
S^C \j j ~f *S 4_*_dJ^4 4_uJua (JT ^ 2Lc^_o j-^LaJ ^l tU ^Ul ^jLaO 1 ul ^jnV mi mJI (j!
4jvjJ JLk. ^^Lu LiJLlA till (jf Ijljjk <-3jJU X 1 ) 5^)5^ jf ( T ) j-AJ-> Jl* '>^t_Jl ^Joj-u
m£ jJI 4 1 11 rtl ( t tiinH lLUj Jl>jL3tJ^ .j^^t-JI In 1 11 ^ J **( 1 11 fl jJt£, 1 (f( \ft 6 J^i 3 J 1
(jl >■ *. 4_SjkLjfuJl »rt nil ^y.^ 4jjjljuoj (jj^> » m'J jfl (J-*-*j
j_L<u mJjJI j-A (j;>j>Jl «U; iMl ^Lfl tiLlj^j .^UjjVI jIj LJ£ J2j (^>j>JI JcuL^I
4JL>JI ^ys c-jj-^i] 4_j^L^ CjLcj^u c_tl mm<1 ^ 4jI_jj>3- (Jujj u ~*< ^ ^1 jlttl J^o plil
Y JU£. ^LiiJI CjJLrt_j i^Jt-Jl Mgj)" mi JUC_o .^j^Jl l_sMjlIL) jLtlJVlj 4ijl_oJl
(°) 2Uis Jfi. nLliJI
WO ^jLtliJI (^^L*_ujj ij-je_iJ! ^_Laj_o ^ j" ' ■■ ^ ,iir <LLc_u5 ' <ni ^1 LLajLuaJl
■jjS (jyl^-l ^gj) " 1 n 1. ^LflJjVl JjJtjj (jl * ( 4j3_Lq ^->-J-i A * ) CuL^j^Ja 4^vjj
A* iOjL^jj-^J9 4_vj_> ^ Y ' ^1 jrniTM jLjiiJl 3j-jt>l nil ^j^JI *_3^LtJI
JLkij .^Ut JU-^j 4U^'i (^^Jbj YY ^1 4JL4IJI CjjL^j^jS 4jvj'_J
4 "1 j> ^ _ /. * ,"\ I - ^ / HO ji^l ^j-^Jl >lnt iMI ^Luuj V t 5LL=L2Jjt djub
LcLu ^jLojJ JaJLuaJl IjLA (jLfi iA£l\ ys\\\ Jj j °i jys^ .^c_JI U 1 n ^ "1 mi a JUC
.(jVI JJ>I1 (jJ^ ^yJrl^n nil <Uti>ill JjLua
Ju^^j jj\ ^ t J *»7,tl 4 Urt'^ ^Jl J 1 rn "1 t j l jltl l 4jU-dJ i LaJU£.j
jaJI (^Ic 5Lp mijH
(Icecream) ^Jij-Ji er*^ u!-* * * ^-j^ OV c^L$jj-$-9 4_j^jJi V) -
*pgVl in,t Sjj^j ^If. d IVaI ^ U «(_sL>JI JLj_L>JI» IjlA ,j_<o ^Ll^ (JJ-a J-stlLc-uJ
j^jjSLII ■ U,, i,m ^ 1 jLc. Jj-5fc-li <-3L>Ji Jl_lL>J! tjuk t ..J L«a J if .j
idry ice «t_aL>Ji juL>Jt» ^jiaJuj .cuil^ij-ya V) _ a^jjj <Ujjusj 4>^4j
^Ij ^LnjJ Lj^j? I^pa .JjL*jJ1 <j^£Jt -l-l. , m ^Ij <<j5fcj
>W>t rMI c^Lt. <Xl , ^ iaJLu^JI jJ3jj <jl LltLc «JM ... tl j^SUI , i ^ ... < t
JjLjlj ^.UIj 'J-Jc-aJI i£>" r,t,tf JU£. <£$-»Jl Jaijuail t ilat , ) ^] ^j^Jl
\lXJt Ale j »>Um ^ L<sJl9 ^ TO J-^c (^JL- ^IjJlII 4_) j* imJ ^jJl dajLtiaJ!
.(4j^U 4^wjJ V * ) AO i^wjji ^^bw >ljLoi j^jjfUi J n u£! ^iib
«L» 4\UU 4 tl« dUh y»J
tfJlA (j^o i nl J (_p3j!Laj ^jl ( jSLttJJ .3l_L>JI -i^>-J-J (jjJ-uLi-u! lLdj-l! 41jL-uJI
tjL olijjjfciJ ^- ^ ■ ..j U-4 iLuLoji >U1 3l_otU solvent (-ujJLl jjj ^1 mil J>*5J(
H>-LLa LcUjjI ojjtj 4_jluJI buffer Ijju i L^lvl j j£,LaUj ^al=u
^ISJI (Juiiij JlajG ^J! ^J^j^ iJL^I J-J-l-^ ^ iSjI^I ^
4U0JII JaUiSU 4_l^]L
.(JsVi (^JLi iljLJt <>IA\ -i>>-j ^JL>. ^ 3LpJ! j^xj
?0*UI gj jaJI ^Jk I qSjol,
,jjj>J( ,Ui irtlla JL^MLsJ Sjjjll ->>^J u rtj
ijLfl t *-dJjJij * jj>ll m ^4^. 4ijL-g frUI -i^j Jl (^-iij V Ul
^jSUj ci^p- ^4 j t Un\ \ ^oJI jlii ^j^l^jj jj^l ^Ui.i ^^k. *U1 J^J CjVI gl-vl
jr^l j_lJI L$_lJs csJi[£ Ur Zl\ ^LjVl llLJj ^ 4_.< n j"U 3>l lP"-^ cJaiO^I
j J n i l <- m^ - i ji>-*^ ( V ) 4j_ st ] ajJ1 J| 4_ijJx]I Ja^J '^-JjJLI U < » u If 4 U < V)
♦ Ji>b 3jj_uaj JL*J*lll *LU <j^a 3>£^ (j>J! J- 5 *^' ^H*^
IjJLuJI 4 j . nj <jl ( A ) t JlA ^JL^oj-cJi Jl^>JI JLc^wl ^i*^
Ci^sJ jaljL^Vl L_aVT 4 3 1 ■ gt, lLJLIa ^JUo^xnJl JU^j>J1 JLUj clu^v *0) 4jj j m uJI
La^« t4 jl^U 4_l>*LlU i_3j^laJi j^qjj 4j^_jj£j CjIj <i ih no ( _ T Ll (^^IL*jj t(_p=»jVI
. 4_Laj>J ^! ^ ^JojjjJI 4_>.jJ Jj-^j ^jLj *U1 ^ 4i_il^ CjLl^SU ^ g « nj
^ c^i^3 ^1 Lava ^«JI ^ 1!ujlj>. 4j>^ll,l JLu>JI j t ljUU L^jLLlU cl>J
. jJ^uJ t ^I^>J1 Ljj-i^ J!t4J t'dU <Luj_L>Jl 4ojilaiJI
^! (JIjj V Lul 4_5lj_S_x ^ilj_> (41jLl^ djjj-tfu dLJLl Lg_L^ JUv^j ^j) ^j-SLqj j LaLLa
tl) 1 ^yi^. *>J^ 4Jjl (jr -Lc l^ J "^J j— £ k" 1 njlj^l 4-ljxLj tj-^sj . L^JjO
gjjoJI tjl£ SU> i*i Hill
£ys J^^l Lr i-C tjLjl lULLa t 4^jJ "mm a 3jU>Jj 4JL>> ^ cUujJI ^jX- < Jul x\
0>j mi fi \ ur i$j£jJ\ Jol ug}\ J i n i<LU Lj^j9j U i ( i (JJ ic 3l_j_>Jl jj ^ In J i^rti
4_j_usjS/I 3j mi rtTl ^j-a j aWlj 3 i.u.a Sj^juaJ ell j *r*n (^,111 (j^J^i
j^ya i ^jl_j<iju>JI q a a^> Lb ^^Ji ^jli-OLj \ i,U *y Lo-d 1 1 ^Um
- ^jjSLlI j j <nfH ^Lj J£L*i ^ya _ (j^-SJI o!-^ itii-Jj^ o-Sj ^Jj
4_Ajl_Ja 5-Lj_3j J-^-ta Usj-c L'tUy jT ^^Jl LlJqMjL ui j r»
^yLc j j mi <1 ^lii ^j-c 4_^>oL> 4 rt supergreenhouse
U^I^A 4 j i>>j^t SL^kJI C-J£l jJi_3 itiJJj 4-3LL^yL ,3jlju>JI L yp\ ts>~ a\
ji^jj^JI Jul-uS] (jyjijJ er-^- L^>^ -^^J CH ^^4^ <iUjJ i^j^a^c^S/Li
otj-ULjJ ^i>>^ Jj9 Luajl ^Jj-ll (j^LJ r^jSJI I Jufc (jr Li 4^jL*i^3 CjIj-uu CjjJUv!
.(^ ' ) LLj L£j£ jdLAl oT <>i 2L!j^l ^ju >U!i ALH 84001
^Ulj t( >^j^uJI Jlo volatile 3 ^j! a cjIjj^j JoUl>.Vlj *jL*ixl ^ o^j^
L ^£^J ei>LiJl <jjQ (jylJl cjL_^II ^yfcj ijjjjiLlI j-_Lu-u_sn ^Ljo
<1jLl*i L^L-a e£>^ ^j^JLI it >LLoJI jj^j^Lj ^jl^i (jl^-j <y9 4^juij
y ) «jJjjLa» 4_ul ir> ntl 4^l£jJJ Cx^U LoJL_i£. Oj-* £->J ct^* J^^'
(Viking <(£_x£jU3» P Y ) 4jj1jlU 4jaLu^j Jj ^rnll ^ Juj^i_>
2lS^>. Jjloj ("ntj L^j! U3^' >a^>«J1 J^Jj ^^[^ t sinUOUS oIjjjS
(j I Lq_£ t Ijl mi"*mI ^ i ii <i mi1I ^UajJI ^-usLlC £-<-uJ I (j-LjijI 4jL^jj-J>. ji^Slllj
rtll ^j-C ^piSLjuJLl jm o intl f. j) t'^\ T ) u <i jU tl Jjl^- "ill jLtiLo CjL <-*jL_j_j9
ji^j^SLJI JLli <i^t ^^Lj ^j^o 4 j ( m nj 5jj_i-«aj ^jjSJLj L^jI < r m n I 4_j_5tjjJJ 4 f I
M^j-^Ji l-^MjlII ^ jl^jj cUI j Lit-j 4l w 4_l-^ ^ji twater ice ^Ul
^ 3j_j j < 4_^jj i(jr xbUI ^ (jisjVt ^yk. j^oVi jL^ t planet-wide
dl jX\ O—jL^ t4 tin (ji— jMj 4 juji jjjlj^. J__L_-aJa i JL>- ^1 ^ lr j i>>L>JI
• jjjJLl Lr k 4ijL_u ^Lp3 i nil ^.j^Ulj t^yk?
jl Cr ic LL^Ll^ >Ll1^ J!UJ U^J nu Mill ^LtsJJI (jJS Jl i y]\ (J7 \£l] L^_La JjLJfcJ
< fii^itll SjJLa J}L»* i4jjL_iL>JI Mill j cjLoSLi^SJI ^ 4 m j" Ll ^a ttLu^iJI ^
juMJa ijr^tj-iil ^ya djljUJI diL*_ijlj bombardment t ni^tll Ijl^J 4^*_ujj
(j^SJLj Kj o Ljj_>. LflMx. (j^-u-aJI U^^W J ^-" s 'gi^' <t^>^
Ijjljkj 4jrGjUI jy\jt ^ jjj .*Ltl jLitjj i jj^-JJ ^LkJI (jrj-?JI t_a!M-jtJI ^
OjL^j 4->.jJ V * j YY jru Jjlj^JJ 3jlj_>. Jij^vj Jto ^9 4ijLdU ajj trn *LU Jl>.J
^>JI *-aMJJt ^^l^I I jl tcdlj ^ ^^jJi .( 4jj_La Y^ _ * )
^ AO _ YY ^jrU Lo 4_LjL-u Sjj— waj *UI L^j_3 Jl^.jj (j ~A\ SjIjjJI oL_*-jJ ^Juo
.(4j^1« 4^.jJi AO _ • ) OjL^j^^ 2L*jJ
- K<i in (jl^ ji>^ c^'^' L-sMiil <j! <-<£1j£JI gUIr jlSIaj
^LloVI JajLibJI ^L^ IjjJa L y*Jy\ ^ 4_LJil 1 3 , „ ,V> 4_^L^-cJI ^ Luj
4_i^£ (jl i^l^ll ^jj>JI JsaJLuaJI Jfixa^ -L<C< tl MjLlu ^LS_JI i _ r L.
, "^LilLx! ujj^I jllajoVl Jj)U tftj j V ull (j-a SjjIo <JJ^ J*>^ iy* J-^
4juj! Lr iiL JL^j U Jj^ <Lik. ^ ^jJl v^Jl >Aj . ^IjlJI jtj^II t L*lJjJj
cJlj 1— « (jyjJl iCjIjJJaJl Cu-ljtj JL^ 4-LjL <«iJ1 ^LtXl (j? l^_L^ajl ^4jL_3 ^!
CfbVjJf *^>** f^P fr 4 *^Tt dJL& (jfi dPjJdl iUujVt '<Lj_>^jji,l (j^SI j .n j i ,t
^jdlj (Olympus Mons ux^JjVt J+>- >a <jj£»j-J» cr JLct 0! •(**** Jt lh-^^-* £^*»>*J 3jl>OX!
^-utj» SjLjj (jylc- J-^*^ (jl Lgjl-Ji* ^j-" 3 L^J-^^ dJj^wjja Ly lJ| ^ LL I
flhll r> ^ L^jjIj^w J^uaj Martian equator er i t j > JLl ^IjI^VI Jai. LT JLi
of f^j <( Y 1 o ) CujI^j^ V • jl V ^1
< rtin "la j ir^ll 0_>J ^ * • (j- 4 J-^i 4_>.jjJ (jrtrt Vn 4_jjlj_jw
4, iijjt .X Sjlj^JL lLoI <i" -k^I Cy JUl (3^jJt l5>^1 <_3>UJI SjjLfl (jl jl t JoUl
c_s!>LJlJ! cj>\j—a oj mi K <i in j *i lSj-^ ^— -^j-^j * 4j1_J»JJ
>ua ^1 jUjji jm^ j^ii 3ji juv <^uji
^ ojl>u iU^liJl jjLIujj alll I)) j j i ,1^ mi 4_p*j.<.,, a ^3 ♦ J^iil JM^- li^j
Lof idJLA 4 <ihi U ^jt)) - John of Gaunt o>^ - ^1UI
{j] f^-J Cr^J . «4_L>JI < h mi (jJL-C 4jjs. (JT ^fl oJUfc j^J>-U Sj-uJbL^
Sil^JI ( ( 3LLi (^jlII ^JIju-JI ^j^-^JJ djj^^ j-Jl
CjI ^ jj->- l2jJl_a^>o La^ ifrl i>t nTl ^1 JL_j_<_u^l jLj f t
■ » ^ ^ iJlILj .4 j 4 — 4_tixSJI ^ o fit! *°i Q^__j^SLII J j r .1 ^1 cr^^*
^JJ A I j *: ,U ^ j ^ *S <" f Q irtvl 1 <1 M \ i g.1 l^ All (^jjl jLjtJ (J^aJU (— )J <-uJ
^ ^LJLt j i ^Vl 71K Lof t4 j j tnntt ^ nil i_dL->Ji JL_xL>JI
^Joj_u ^j-u-j-I it--t£^£L11 ^L>-j( ^ j -w Lcjj-o ^^-oj 4_j 1 1 ^Jq."
^jl^ jc_j^_*A] ^^Jl L_3^LiJI jjj* ^Ktl d j A Lc^jL£L>.I 4 n^v ^jLfl i*Ul jLitjj
Luaji J2j i^jJKJt JLajLuaJt (^psLUtjl £*Ja ♦ jc^JU 4_j_xj ^J3 ^j-uLja j-j3G L^J
(jJL: <-3>UJI <jV ^>J>JI 4_lx3jJ1 j_ub jl,V
jjluj L» (oiajj iMargaritifer sinus ^j^jii ^ >Jb ^ ,„ ^ ^ a v-i*>n ^ w n ■
«UXl jjyi) 3jj) m,n > fi irt" *r * tJ>2 i->u_3jJI ujl^JLoll u*S j-< tlu .^<u.\-S ej-^o ^j-aj-j*. AjlS
SJISjSj^) fossil life ij^iL^VI 5U>JI Jia^ L^^L^^t^^yyJIj^iwaJI
j^Ju ijt J-o-L-sI I j_4 (5Lj-4 T« ^* jJLSt <Ubj-c £_Lu ^lUfj «M*.« J_SLi jui-L ^o-II J ^ T j-fSJl (^iljJI tJL*
i^^Jt -U.l.'Kn jl ^JL0j-4-Jt J^JI jL^wajl cijj'l Ujj) < jtJjil j-kxwJ <^U-a Owj j^Io J-3
^jJl 3Li-rtU ^1 JuJI c-^j^JLi i ^ ^. jJUtj i^_J^J»l ^Ki ^yifi. 3Llj>J1
J_i^j jJloj <L_iL^ 3l_i_>J! jj^^J \ j ^ ft ^Lf* ^IjuJt jjpLl (jl (^Jj (jlj ^ mm
joJI ^ tU> ^aJI
J a V "n <jl L nC g- j^ « jj>ll SLl^ -i>^J CjVI o "l.^1 ^j.jqjk ^^jlL V til! j
jj-j-^j J-Aj - Ji <4 j jUrtfl ^ o ntl Ci"»»J L4J \j Tilt it a CjJljvj 3l j ->J1 ^j^j V l< A j
oJLAj . iLal mi ill JjujL) ^y 1 n" jjyllJi^ CLlshj c_9^£L!l {J7 3 _ Jai^S I
(jlSL<J JU JL_>iJ j^jJLc 5jlj^»Jl 4_J>-jJS jl * ni"l f ill Jl£.LuuJ <jl {^- M {jjHJ . ^1
^jSLjo! Li-ijj i 1 gJj) ^ i o r j j > L_L-Bji jJl^i oj-^ u^j^ *"< J) ULLo
Jjuxj l _ ;r L^. j n -nJL ^5-d3 (jl iOUj robot explorers 4 n .,1 11 cjLj^jj^U
3l_jj>iJI JlSLilit ^jJsjlj L^_-l3 Cjj a" ( <il 4_l3^>. Cj Lx. Ji ( n <t Lgjf C< j*u JlS La ^Jt
• - < j-a 4-LjI Mill ^l— jJLl c-jL-j-C Ly ic <4 > i ii (j-uj^L 4_ajjI c-jj **< n~ SjlL
i^j^JLl ~U ^Ic Z\ j i^l hi" *s Lj Q^joJbt-j IjjL^ jjj jJI ^LftLJI fiUiLc ^ jJI
cj!vL>.j 1 4 m A« ^1 jjLUJI oJj ^1 ^ mi. til cjIj) n.JI liIIj JI^L
^J-Jjl O^ 1 <J olr Qj.Hlj .ju^l ^1 jJSLjUs 4_uLl^JI 2L^j1I
^1 4jMj jlJU ^JLl ^U,n Lr k: SLp. c^jL^ Ujj cbt ALH 84001
(jJllA (JUjL£ jJj ijjVI ^J>ll ^Um ^yl^. SL}^>- lIIU-A C^jI^ (jl La JUJL>u
Ai\ r.rMj i_a>L" -^^1 4^^jJL ^jla SLpJi Jl£Lz u l /yi t Jt nlL 3Lj>
^ V <± f i t 4 <j , ^.j ^ jt DNA LjlU ^5t ^1 ALH 84001
^ j^ulJI j>a DNA Ujl!I JM^I Ijl^ . j^Xj jJLi^f oLljj^ ^1 ciKi^JI
Lt juO^Lj 4Joj-jJI jjlluLo JjQ-tJ ^jf (^ylojuAj till j c-ij m.;j i4-L>-jL>Jl ill
DNA UjJI^ IjL^^.I i T j , " Ul m r J_^> ^
<j» 4h*C <Tm.ii j *l-> I aj * \j y <^> 1 Cj-C. jJ ^jlj <j 1 jjjI m i nil I JlA ^J-L rr *o
*\ «U1 jj^LbjJl DNA Uo ^ Ijjl^ ^ U* ,( n ) jL^j-^I
Ujj DNA UjJI ^jl ^LJaJI .t »j .4_L>L£ cjIiI^i reconstruct »1 m. m mV
jJIju JiJLfl tjL>. (^5 (^r^-J . <-t-o-5tAj ^j-flJ (j-^J i4jL^jJ! 4_ii£. j^LaJI
* WiUj' - L£j" "'^ >^ (jr^- jt ' Lr ^' ^-)Lol^ ^yifi. ^W- 1
jJjl jU'ftl eg j LJ 4^»JL2j (^jJt Jllll <J^L>- {y* I Jl>. ^i g7tje-a JJLu
^jugj t^SUj (^jJI JIJ.4-J1 ^jLa _ Lkjj-^-^J 4_j qaVI 4JLJLJ1 i.^U
JjL-uj 1^ *j o v J <i 1 1 j Jjb : JLllI 1 1 n ^Ir^ S4_jju3jVi SL> -sJi L^jiLxLa
4 __l 1 J:.. ^lO^ o-^ 1 j ^ Luajl ^^Juu I jla J-Aj SL^iiij replication ^-uLlJI
S 1^1 or j SjujlkJ! Lj>UJI tjj^j ^-SLfcj (^jJIj *DNA LjjJL
L^jt I <<i iVi<I j 3Lp- LjjLTfc-^ Lul iJlAll Jjj 1 1 \ (j^l^- t^^^j itj
. 4 j 3Luj>J! 4-^jLitL^ ..ru ^jJI 4 ( .i h\ DNA UjJI <Uj <nTLi Vr>-M.1
comparative nl\ \ j >>i> j o-^ Jjjljv ^Lc jL^cj! ^1 oLa^l I ^Vl
4JJI5JLI ^I^j^I Jpo 'jQj i4uuloj^\ SLpJl ^ 4vih^a ^1 jru (j^-J *biology
^ L yjL&\ <r> "1 iSzostak <-iJl " <-dL^ rtj . 3L_i_j>J! ^j^o J« <i IL
LjjJJ ^ : ^ys 4jI m. * njj^- V< MrLi replicate iJuil «>>Tt L^JaLll^l
4-La_iJjJLl JL-cl^-oJI ^Ijjtj Cr*.i>^' (ii>-"^' LfcJj-^-C. j-inaj 1 ^'i<T iDNA
SLpJL ^UJI DNA LjjJI ^ < M~v ; cjL1j>^ o-a cross-linked l$j LJLua3
4_c i 1 a Jl^q— ulj <?l_Lj>o
3 j jjv^JJ A^Vt t UrX~,,.j i4_fljl mi o 4_j_jj^_>. 4_lLj CjLJU-JuII t j-* 4^jLl<i a
(jjSjll* 3Llj>JI ^ m^j^VI JlSLiiVl (j! Jjjt3 ^jbj i^tjjJI (j^- 4 J ^
3LpJI ^ IjLa (jSJ J JaAJL l^jLii^ DNA Uj ciUlajj 'LisLotj 4 . ^tl Sjujui
LM^Jl 4 i ,\> ^1 DNA LjjJI 4 . \> La L^j (j^J ^1 4_Lxbjt MJI
4_j_c-Al CjL-udIjJLc^/I dJU^J <jj S4_j_juajVl SLj-stU 3j j <k Uj iJjIj-ciJLi Bc^La-ll
>U1 5l j -v.! I ^Ij-HaVI {_yz A 4 ^ j n ^ t4-*-jLblj
jjfcj _ ^JaLiJl (^pal ljukj .4judL>. Llui^jIj iLuLt>. 4 j *n (j5 (1>^*^ 4_iju2j!
J^L) 4^L>jL*_a t-^>u djjllaJl ^LilsVl 4jjJajJ jr\. tn , <t ^"U CjLlaJj <<uu ^yc
4-j_JuJ 4-juLl4J^ CjLjJ_4J2. ^UqjLtJ I $\ I L** i MJ JL^ 4_L-UDjl MJl SLpjl (jSLJ . Jj i *l 1 1
: JIJ^u ^ 4jL^I ^ _ ^<ufct <jh J^\ j ^l % ^\ jjjis ^ CjLl^I
^LL-u - S^jVl (^k. Sjj^it SLpJl 4 j .Xjl }U! 3Ll^JI 4-j-j*j 4_ajjI» ^Lj
^3 LL ^jJj ^jJI (3J>iaJi (jJJ 4_ll^i 41^ l;l <i-r~ m,j .Panspermia
■
fejlt H** pJk* <^i* iL* tiMkJl : H*»
^JLc 3Ll>. -*>^J Juo 4jj LVt H 4JjL>JU lJuus^j 4JL>L_uJI Cj\j n<ifl ( _ y j9 L-LcJa
1^ jlr dul£ tiilj (j^^j^? 2Ll^a1 <j^l*CjV.>L>Jtt aJL^Jj .^j^Jll ^
c-aMJiJI 4n iU thinness oJsj <jV cdllij t jj>U 4_uLuaJa oLf^ J-^j^
4^j ^yii. C^ji jJfl ^ pJ ^^jjiJl j t ^Ij <>* UJ^' t>*^' l£>^
i^j—jL^JJI jjjlII (j-u—jJ 4 iSLI t 4. J-4.UJI j^jI^-j ^ j % Ijjj <— <
<r> ^ LJa tiLJjJ .4 "ti ojju 4. " j r< i m V (^oJij
^yi^ landers 2i j Caj] cjI U a g_ ilajj Jj ^ ^jijjj— Jlj j^JLI
juj U7 ±£- iiijLlAj .Antarctica 5j,4^."U K/i^jLu! SjLa ^ 4JaL>Ji ^jL^I
i Dry Valleys 4^L>Ji ^LojJI ^IJs *< ^ u<tl juL>JI ^ O^^e 1 ■ <> 4^L>
. jl^LvII Wi>^ ^L>- iRoss Desert ^yjj * \j. * <^ j 1 <>>jl in* ^^Jlj
J^l j 4\Luj>JLl cjLjjuaj>J1 nu 4\2_t2j djLul^ Friedmann ^LjjujJs ^j-al
. Cryptoendoliths j^V<^>!<
^ b^Jb ^UtnbM a>] L^stLo L^J ,\ V<" ^^Ul symbiotic lichens
^j.tfl Mill <: J i>> ^LLxlj jl£JLl 1 ^ J fl^J IjJL^ CjLuI£L1I dJUfc ^^aIjJJ . ^^jLisJ!
^^4^ udJjUj .jLkJj>U l| rrt<j V t porOUS dJUaJJLl jyx ts\\\ (jrU jJJ
3L*-j>JI Ct Ll a fs ^pJlj ilife at the edge «4jju>JI 5lj >,!!» cjLuL^ J1<m
oJLA JlLo Coo 3l ltkJI (cLwa-SlLi-ul ^j-C cILlaL) t h i /y jlj *^u_<-Ji c_sVT Lfej a C
i<Uc jl£UL Ju)3 cjjJLI 3jtj-« <jt 4j>-jJlI tSjIjJLl j-lL j^sVI» ; inferno ^a_«JI
I <j j i"u 4_t_tbjVl jJaljJU t-j>Stj Li^JtP U^-^y f^J * « 1 1 j
4jg icntl 4jVjUtAj <jj->^Jl jL_u_o^t ^Ij (j^SLU <La^Lc. 4— 9j L-tJ—tuJ
. 4JLuaJI SLiJLi L^jjS Jij-*^ (jjfJ - jtim) jJloj ^^Ul JuLJt jUU ^
£jj^>*\jji lj) < jj^JLl ^pJUx 3l_pJI <_ >.jfc.,jll Viking «£j£LjlJa>) ^1 >^ nil
L-^^Z ^ U , ,. [^yic 4 mil \ j mi 'iJJ > U j J (jlj 'J^* U^^ LtfJ^ 3 ^^*J J-O J tJ
4 iri jt sCi i nl,l CjI mi^LULI CjM 4_ijl_>o ^-jLu JLtdOjl tc-jj^c
miniature 3^ t U " .^U o crj-^ 5 ^ J ,<3 >! ^1— ^ Mini
(jr-^i *-^J o^'^'j ^X-kVI (jrlc LajLu laboratories
t«g i'CjLa)) orbiters (j^—bjl jlII j^JL,^^! ^ M t ^ ^V^ ^Lc « j
oUjISJI ^ Ci^\ 4 j m.j L« jf i4fLv j! i burrow ^l^->- jjj-*
_ UjSj U^-dUjj t |i, ,. t /i JaiUI VI ^ruu VciUIi <<GlIi JLrtJj * ijjusjVl
J-vxJL) LaLu 4_uj^a ' * ^Lst_>J CjI J (jiaj^/l SLpJI a <jV
IjjJ^ ^LJjtlt (jV * microscopes juaL*^o ^1 SjJLuaJtl ol^-jJLkll ^uia3
^jLi^ * L-^uj JJLUJI ^Loi^JLt L^juLs ^1 3 .,,u1L» I
dujfc-J! ^ Jj t^JjJLI ^j^h-I crO^' iK***"-^ (_y^ (j-ujJ ^s^Jlj-al l^flJoj jJSLjLoJI
fn-> Lc^ i£jCi>.LJI Jl j_i nil 1 jut j-cjt S £y» LcLlsI U>J^J ' "
fLai r ^JlSLjLSii ^1 ih fi Jl 4 m,<LmiT landers CjUbj»m ^4 oJL^I^J > j m, ' * L>^^ dj^-Lalt j-^iaJ
J> jj^ic V jL s (jl ^>^-CJ La ^J->"i ^jl 4 rtjfiv jj_u JjL^Jl IjUfcj
, L^Ju^ju 4j>*-i-3 Cj^Ij idLjjtiJ 4_3^]Ui JlSL.lV I LjJucj L*K^ .t_fll jiaVl
I i jr\_«jLa ^ >C j 1 A H f 1 ^ 1^ Jjl>. ^1 t J|jL>Jl ( ]ya iL^Lijl CjIj nutl Cj^Ij
^■l. <i in" j l£. 3 j j ^Vi ^ £\j\j^Jki ^L_a <_lLJjl! *a K m.U jLajL
breathing ^ n < 1 ^1 jjLj-j {j£. <-<y ojL£ i-jjI ^Itl ajufc 3ju>-Ij
< eating J^Vl 4 jUr ^ ^ylc ^ 4_uUiJI JIUjj 4 ^-jjJLI
, al .*."<! j 4j Vj^a oLjjj^Ll^ ^ I Corpses Cm ^> (j^>j o -*-"\ 4JiJLiJI r<t i ii I im
'(^..AnH) labeled-release f^jJtl jMLs^M :c_jjL>u ^ cdL*jV1 L:P k-
pyrolitic-release ^jlj-j^i j^LUyij t(J^^i) gas-exchange o(jlJL!l J^L^j
?GjTJI J*^' *?9P o' O^hi (J*
41dL<-ujj 4Jj <g im; 1 ^ r t "(Jl lt jJI u^>^' ^jljj^ labeled
2 U^j , j-ljujII cjL^j-LI ^iajtj exhaled «cjjJaj» 4jj_i!L) tiJLufc
/jx. oj*_Ji ^cj a<4JUi>JLl 4jjJlLI jIjJII )> ^ ol^ Mif ^i>> i broth
C(,u^ j (4_1jLuJI 4jj tU jijll 1 int i Jj&I ^jJ^. r, o $ "H jus CjLj^SLJII
,l£UjJ 4j*_iI*> CjIjUJI Sjujl^. Lcl^jf
lZjUjISU _ chicken soup ((^L^jJ) A ... -m> ^LJjJi 4 jlr 3 1 Uj
CjLs^_*_uaJI JLA i((<JjiL>J! ^r^ij <; "sj)> 4j^_>»j r<(| -wij JlSJ ^4-Liejj-ll 4_lj>JI
juljj .^tiM j^LLa-Li tagged «%- "J L V a » ^^jj^JI ju-<__£f ^-jliij o>jj£Jt ...^
l^j—^Ji (— a^. til LajO *(4jj_j_va 4_j>- j j * * jjja j \ (__J_c.l) ^".\\ q&
. d> L Jj^j o 1 1 4 i^Kt^U (- m -Ol (^1 £y» 4lxjJ_II CjljLiJI j_xa K-ajljJI ^ystj^Jtl
CjLujaJI IjlcLi) cjIjUlU tfjufc o-uost_> vapor trap A\ 3 n ma» ^1
libtJ jUtJ! ctJuuucui CjjV*t^.| CjIjUJI ^1^3 JUuj . (iLal^
. L^jjjo Jail Cj Ljjj^Ltl 1 4loLu*£J L^Jc-aJ ^-i t _ jr lll 4.* niU 4jj^jj_bLII
£-aq ) 4ajL*jJ ^jIIj SLljsJI L^LiLl^l t_jjL>o Cjj^>\ i( jryt^ijll ^ r^paj^l
. jtj^Jkl ^- U , ., L7 i£l l1)LjJ^SLj_A ^J^-J » L q .lt I I £yj J-tl^ JJLC ^-"i i" i u l Jl-LS till J
cjr IlJ I 4_uLi_<mSJ1 l!j 1 jj-ftHJ I (Jjj^j 5 m^U Cjjjjt inll <<^*->- - t \\\
LaJuLc 2LudL>- i 4 j j j ^ CjI jl o r ^j-C dlij ^j^i iSLpJI ui f <ij CjJL>o
J^Io LcL^JwJ * I ^jlr CjLjJ_1t.lL ^ <tll ^Lv jJI ^Ll-rl^. ^jjO 4 J J J U ^"
^Jl CjjI 4_ul ^ c-i>Lcli3
SqTJI ^jjjoJI ^JLc ^pgj q\ qS,oj
j^lUI d «Utl j^al a2j -0* 7- ,..< Vl jIUM ^1 4-ulj 4 tKW ^}LcUl]i
j j ft. T<t 4_JsL£ JUlj (jlJlj i^UI (jLiLL <j-ft ^ ^ ^ I fit < nfl (")<■> in A-l^jj^q
j Vf 1 1 <— iJb i^j-^l Ofr?" ui^Vl j flk LftJu^j .SLj-stU (Jr itjj-4 JSLJj ^1
. 4_l>. 4 jUr ^1 Jj^wj (jjj (jry»-*-u^Vl j^LLijI
<LaL>Jl 4jj.HI ^l^j? £ya JbJmM ur l^- ^jjI i^I c^jLsftlj ^LlSJI tLul l^lta^M-ft
hydrogen C&>*3J< [ j flN V J ">*Cl JiLo ^j^JII (^1^- Laa^J I— aL^j J-qJLstj
4_u)juL!I SjUI j jUn" <j>i^l J j ^lii (J>LLJ 1 *r< <ij * peroxide
^oJ j j" (j£LJ t4_ul_jJI 6j <k\\ j jU **< 1 1 iJjLst^j j^jJLiJLl ^LftJjJi j-jdf . 1 ^ jlf
liILLa c-uL_^ . SjJLI djub t mi^M Joi (Hit ^ SjLj djjj^^ Sj
4 < uri t 4_ul_U1 ^jj^^Hil dfj iirtTn i n)) C<_>L£ L^j ! ^j- 4 Ju^Ls ; Cj L> J j ^ J ft
4-£jjti, mi M I'm o ii^> ^jSJ t^jjlj^u ^jj-Lc 4jj «JlA Jo" iVt ^<d^ SI mi
JL^ t jJL>JLl (^-stJ^XI C5>^^ t-aM-iJI ^ 4 ♦ Mill o^J^l <^Lp (j! ^
t-dJj *\ (Jjl3 Jl^j . £>jj^j>J\ < " i * i n J ( _ 7 HJI jj>il 4_3^j ^yj
(jl Cjj^lil < ** i"< y 1 1 jnj<i*s i 4-jj__>J (jl ^Jj 4 <ijt <^ 1 ^Xt ^jLJul LilL^j3 tjJjLdJlj
j-^oLLlI $.\ (jl ^>->-f 3j_ft ^1 o-iij jlS (j^j^SUI oljj o^»j
^jJI c iljJLl ^J^J ^ Itfjjlj-^ 4j>.jji J i^it t c_)LiL_L/ cjMj SjJt i . " ^ I^mV ml
4 — ^jj tO * 4_iJ»LlJ1 SjJLl *(4jj_Lft 4^>.j3 'W) C^jL^jj^fl 4_^>.jj T * *
. jj^_u j CjI jUr Jjuij c!>Jl>. JLa 5 jVj^JLl 4j^pJI j^fl
^ ALH 84001 ^i^l ^uj£ dJLLA c^K Ja
* \ u ,iU„ri ^ jjLji ^ j n^u 1^11 Lr ^s '-c^W Schopf
^ o' lS^I smoking gun «oti^jl1II j^ju*)) <_^j,
^ *ALH 84001 ^>-ilJI j^J* oli^j^Jl cuL^ edges uz\y>-
JaI^J jjjil jla^ L3 i^ 3Lj-3- ^
j^^. ii^LaJ! Sb^l (^jJ Ulj ^jj ^Ll^I JJ^ ^1 ALH 84001
^ LljLjjj^JI (>a 4 rth^JLl ^I^Vl ^ Sjj^wjII oLujiUI o"LL,flJ Cj-oU i4jj_^
LT 1^J! U (ijU!l ^LiJll djuk ^ < «r> *^^>JI 4^Mcj jj^II duji
cjlc 4^>JI cjLIjKJI ^ jl^jJ ^iJI cjL1j>^>J1 Jl^ i l j^j J SJi\ ^Jk 5 jmU
CjUjL^ ^1 ^ 3jlj-*_JIj iSjuuae-IiJLl l^j'^jLut 2bp ♦ ^jVl
4j ^ , in»t l jljJLl _ \$*\ J^.^.tl ^ ^SJ - 3Imi>> ^Jk ^^Iso
t^jjJLl < 1 1 ( _ y k 3Lj->. Jjj>.jJ SjLuaJLI jlj^til 4_o£" ^3 L>j),« 4 j VjjJLt
.SLpJI Jj^w^ (jr^ ^ - Jl^j - L^jI ^jLj JLc
j-La^u (jk. g i<jl nil iaj-i-A ^^Jk 4_u j^UI jjLUJI 4j Lj ^ 1 V" ^JlJI La <j£J
^jLIj I j t n «r h°\ ^j-jjJI LTSH^J-b J ^ Cy* ^flktll 4_j_jJLiJI Cdu^l S ^j^JLI
JaLAjJI ^Lj- JlJs JJ>li jJo-^ (jjk cy jl,j„,».,.i<,tl JaLAJI j! ^Jk i£ \<IA rttl
jjjJII 4jp jtj t4_al iiu^ il SjJLualt CjIj m >iU ^j<i irVi c£>>- ^ jJl t^y^^Jj-uJI
^^ZL>u V tg- j'vjLLLI 4 j <^>jVl CjLLa_>JLi 2lL>L^_u^j LgJua CjI m r ( _ 7 k J ■ ^ ^
pVjjk j^lj ( JL>Jt 4 ti . 1 ^tU A 31 j -tl] jj| ^jJa
cjLj^^ j ,4 Jij-^-j 3j£3 Levin ^^a_J cjj-JLk ^y^jJj 1 jtt jjkj _ jjSLjL-oJI
cjjIMj t^iL»LS jj 1 ^ 3jJL «Llj*Lj» <JI£j oila *3Llj>JI Ay^j ^ ^ r, t
jlI* JjU3 «Lui:» SULS^ q] VI ^ ^Y"l ^k ^11 ^ 3Lp. JjLilb t j^Ai< l
ojw chi^ 1 o!^ <JL^ l^i cr^i * b- 1 ^ ^! ft'^VI Jl^ fJ SciiJj
£j jaJI 5Lj>
<jj^j»JI CjlJa^JJJLl oibe_) Jiil>j SjLstlXI ^ V j ;; . „ l^ hr, . a \
4JL^j (jl 3j£a o^jj "'J ^ ^ ^^J* 2 j <ije^^ alien corpses
Jj^lil 3jL^ j * '^**' 1 " J-J^M OJJb ^(jloj^/l jjLi. 3l_L>.
Cj^L>-j Y j \ jJSLjUs ^CLuLuaiiil (>" m n niti J[$io Juljj * ^ *W*\ j*Lc Juu
.^j^JLl 111 (JT l£. 3l C<--*-iil i Lfclj Jljs. ^JlX. 4jL^jJI iJ7 J9 O-p < 3 j i *< a
<j! fuij Lr U_3 .5u_Usjl Mil 3l_u>Ji jr. 4 jU r < n j *S »1 Uf. tUn m
^uaj fifl jlr I j tdJLiA 3Lj>JI Jjjs-j „V til oil Ju9 £J>U (JT ic 4jjjl ( nil dLJ.1 -lj->»J
ijS^ V 4_o_t3->. t" m 3j * V I Cj_>o jJl>A\ jl 4 j j U 3 1 1 ^ on H ^1 Jj-ua-jll < UU^
3L_>- ^^^J^ VI <1 ^ i ti <i,i*1iTI ^\ l^iti C-Xl^ »—J^3l jjfcj _ JJj-U (jl (jr^J L I J '
jjjJkl *4 j i/iUH mi ,t.H Cj|j)irrill Ji^Ioj .jL>- 4_j! jjiajt jJk _ 4 jlr
.Ciio S-^J^ 4j( (jr^
JLU Jjvj JL9 3LpJI dJJk Cul^ jJ i3l_pJLj ^jloII j_J^Jkt ^JtjJj i(^) ^w^Luj
JjJ jlj Ujuu ALH 84001 ^3--L^l^te-^Jl pi .Qj '"'^ C£i*&i
ljuk (j I VI tl 3lUa LiUi Jjtij (jl 4_juju^j jjSLj ^ LftJJJ iSLpJl Jj^>-J J-^lj
jL^jV jl t ^>>-i ^UlJU (^jJI JjJjJI 4jc_jU3 CxjjI ^jJLiJl J ' ^ J^*^*^^
^ 4_jjL>. LkLc^ Jjl_3JL» ^cju^j jjiS _ Lj^Uo _ ^JjJkl jL^JiLi dlljj t 4>u
CjL^_^ - 3jLII {yi t^^Aj Lu jJ — uot i^jVl 3j <JJj i4j?j i J— j t ,tti ^^-tbUI
^>.jJLj jijjftistj (jjjJl ^ LcLlII j*L^ . o' i ljX\ *iJJl3 J^>-J OjjS^j (JT lII _
j_>s ^jLcj^ mi a 4_j»j>.|^j4j t4 ( ( 11 jtt-o CjLu_3jj (Jjua^l CjLa^it g > jj Jj^-a ^_jj-ll ^1
4__u_& j 4JL>»j ^< a O' (J^^ I > OJJ *3JljJl_>JI lIi Lq^1<,q.\ \ ^ufljl h-lTi i nl
. jj^JJ <flL>Jlj SjjLJI Jj)^ 1 nil 3 j j m °i
7
4^L>J1 2uyUI ^ *UI .U flM n US ALH 84001
JjjJ JLulS iJaj>Ji ^2>-^^J .^j^>-^M
<>C d_jL^VI gjU" <jJ 5 nl t ^ n\\ cLiLjuSjJtl
Ji »Tu^Li 3 5 U "1,1 SLi-wLuiVl dUl^Vl ^.j-g^
i j-J>^ £ — Llxjj ^ l£, 4 J J9 Si J >■ Jnj "fc»J
. Llial ni^" < ill
°j * « 3ji n " l^>U LiUjj ^L_c
o^jVlj £j>U (>>j cPijII line up . alAU,^Vl
>L > nO kJ \ ^Ji 4 j unt L) 4 i ,■ rt'l 1 A ( j t <>> J (jJJ (Jr^^LlI }L£ gj^Kj JLLC (Lajj
SJl^J ^ «2LiJ» ^-JjJLl J^w ^jVl jjju iLajJ VA* J£ ^ 4jV till J JjJutj^
4_tia ^ Utj (^jJI 4 t n <*n (.-«^jJi t^j ii <i nil! J j-jv. 4_Lat£ 4_Lvj Y , \ i _» ^j-aU
t>° /*^^ Jjl T~ ^ 4-^1^ j j V\t j j^l jijL* ^ (jJj (^jJI - jjjj,!
4 - 1f
4_l*j^ ^ i ...I *4_uL^-dJI cjLj^jJLI *juk JjMLV ^^j-JI Lij -v. alignment
«(3^LLajVI 3jL_aLj)> (jlJa till juj ♦ j-juLi-u! 3 » n hj if*" * * » J; * ^ j;^ *■ ^
^LxJl 4jIjljj \ ^<\A ^Lc frl i>> rt'il JU£. tjj^l i .i J^^cU 4±>.j JMUV 4-JLUI
4_lj1 ir>^ 4 n <i i ii c-LL^ ^mo I L&J>^_jw (jVt « Lu/L*>» 4JL£j LlIsj j * *1 \ W
. 2>JJjU3 J i r^4Lj 4uusjJiS\ oJJt J t"l I M**t
( i 1 1*1 c J (_7^}lj t^tJ^JLl j <jjl < r>*^ 4 nrt ( 11 jLuijl t rtnS[*i i^jJI 4_jjJu^aJl ^-t-uall!
Lj^£.J *(j^lj .*>Luai 3Lp^ OJL>.j (jj it-dLLA 3lj -nil (Nt >H 3jLlj>- 4 ^£
4_al i \ *\ ^Lc 4jL^J (Jj^ Cj*>L>.jJt dJLA 4 7\ 7\ ^.1 ^jl ^£Lqj La j ',*>
• OrtJLUl jriii oil LAjijnM 4^4>a clj ^ mm, ^1 4.u^>1 ^l^JLl ^JJ
j-i^jJI (jj^il L-s>LiJl ^laJtO^Lj , \ j i q" j i„ ^ jf>ll Lr^i J^e u'
(jJJ J-uao I a h Vtf tfjl i ii a i U t trk\ jjjlj_jua (3*>UoJj i4_j_C^_<_u ^LLajV jjj-_<jJLI
Cjl^a ^uaj Jlaj (J>^ J^^-« (jJJ j^_l3j-<-u JLj^Lx J^JLuof i*_*£^5Ll!
Lj-i^jJJ 3jl 4^>-j-i (^Lij&j (C-^SLJI ^t^nil 4_Ioj^_>. (Ojjjj (j-a 1 3 o \
J-H^ L>^£ 9 11 " J Cr*£p^ j j ^ A j i it (JLjij1>. *j * j (j? « L^jLj)) 4JL£j J-aLj
Lr ^J iC-^t^SJI t-fll nt^l nil j_Jjlj ^ f "- 8 ' l _ t ^ ( _ ;r Ul ^^lll J— (jn* SjL^lj (jjH
Ci».» i^ 4_uLu^9 4 in ft « n (j-Aj t« L_uU>)> 4jL£jJ 4jljLjJ1 ( T )^J3j3-ijl ^jLo)) , V n ^
tjf ( ^ q ii In mi M ^ SjLu^s 4JLv ^ £J>U j ^4jLUj
tjl Jui3 (j^o oljlui jjj! JUlj ^fljJ^Jjl (j^jLo 4_uLuxiJl 4 n i »Tl jJLfl 4jjL>*
<■ ^ (J-u^Jj-S ^O-uil 1 o fljl r (jIUj jj\lju\ ir>*^ M ii mt ^~l J J ^J-ouJ 1 jL»oVI
(jlSj i j_)J_4-U (J^-JLjLjJl ^j-Jj J« ^)Jj till JL3-lj ^J^jI
4_lju3j! CjI In Jlj^lj j3_lUI 4 t i*T ^1, \ V "< mL jjjJLl t_fl| im^'i ml 1 oj'ft
^ ground controllers ^^j^l ^<^- nil jjjj , „ a jula .^U,„ Cj 1 £ . landers
L^-flJj-La ur J3 Jljlj Lr Aj i \ 4 m rtnifb JLlojVI ^Ijj'^J) imH jL>i3VI
LajI^> nl i nl Juu 3j-lLLa>3 ( j!ajVl ^yJj CjIjLlLI JLujjJ c Y (_>«^J^3
* jj>ll (J^ 3 *- j! Jbo
ju£. J anguish <— i^JI < A j-jJl_oj jl r < it m tl ^ t 4_uLt-b-oJI
^Ij^f Ij-l^j^ ^ jJI ^LulUIj JLvjJI 4j j « mij ^jJI [4-uLuaJa 4JL?-j J mi
U-"^^ Jj^ er^- * (( tL)LAi' ^ j^5> Jii 4 u$ U ^jLljv ^ 4 n {j a
tflLA Jj-a ^ L^L-u_4 4jLi^ ^Int a ^ ^ jJI jLa 4ji_aL>. ^ tOwen
:jUaHjVlj j^jIJLj pjuoj* ^Vjjfc 4j ^jJ5j La J£ J J » : >LjUs ' ' ^jj iCjLa^ll
l^wlajj Lujl in (j^Lqj ^^lll Sj^^Vl j-ii^l (j-A cdlj * 4-jLulj 1 Ajl I
j I <-«l ( ?in i ^ 1 d J-C (jl . La ^j nV ni n I irn" (^P-Ilj * Ijj-LaJ
4jtj|^JI 4 j J^J-II ^Jufc JLrwl t_)L^j LoJLui^ tiUjJ .^j.S.Vl fiJlj-«JI
gjjAJI **** *U> JcyJI
i jjjJLl ^ SO-^W (jIjju galactic ghoul «JjU c£>iJa J>^» ^^LSLJl
<jAj_i_£^JU ^j-a ^LcjJ^L <-m ^ 1 4j| j( t4-_uLua^aJI j»L$jJ| u-ocjj
t Cl*j JL_>Ji I JLA JiLxs jij-i-xi J <fl Uj fil. <iUU Jo^Jtij La J \c 4jLj jLJLLc^I
^^(jrj-^Jll o^Lt-J* 4 ^ inv J^Ij ^ ^ij-JJ ^ 4 j i,i Mill 5a1 ^ ,^t|
(J-ujLcj (J\ ir\)^\ LjJl-S_B <j1 J tj» : ^LjUs j-^flVl (jii' " JJ ♦ ■ * ^ * * " n
( V )JPL |»1 «? Sj^kLI^a cijjjl^ SL.jjt M.tl 0)lj£j|jLj| r<y*nt t j^j^jjf
* Lu j j) ri jt \S LujLjjLi 4_Lj Jl>i ^ (m^j^LUI) ^"i j-3 jJ! j CtJr-a j
. [(Jj^Vl 4^3^ «LjaiLj» <JL^J 1 ^1 < nj3 4-ul <>> rtH ^Ix-JI JJJL} i^jJI
L^jIj ij« ntL) t'rTr Ju3 4JLvjJl ^jL) ^j-uLUI jj^o CaAjU-jsI jJLa
*«JJfl o yj\ Lk*Lr>.l ((LloU)) <UL£j (JjLjo (jr^Jlj
< j t jJ I mil m£Jl_».I ^ji (nil 4_^>.j 4 i mi" * o£3^ ' tr> £j? JuLoj
«j i ^1 J^J** J- 1 ^ *Face on Mars ((^^itj^JLl <l>.jJI» <j\ j^Vl 4&juL>.j . jj^«JI
^LA-j-aLa j_u ^ iJ^K ^j-jauJI 4_>-3JI dilj j( iMan in the Moon
i^-fijJUl JlSLiVl ((^j « ~A\» ^l£. M. itl ^LajJI . v a nil
^jj-iJl Uj < ii cr^ 1 t< ^^ jk ^jJulj 4 j 1 .fr r (jy ^ ^JojjJLa «Lj_oLj)) 4JLS^j ^jU
^\ L^flJjJo ^yS OJUflja ^^lll <±jMjJI ^ , nil Ct 1 1 ui" JUiS iJI^Vl mt^J
4_uL^JI 4li^> -kXI (j! jl£J1I tMjL^^aVl ^Ij^jOj .Sjujlc cjIjJu-J
jJI ^,-3 \ ^ A j La 4_jj|jdt ^ ViniT 4 Vin 1 1U irMI J-^o SOJwtj >^laJ
. (., L^L).. 4_Il£j j>-^)
Jii m^jJI dJSjJI J^iitjj .4^it a c^jL£ 4_uLixaJl t,A\ J m. M
4Lvj jlLo LaLc Qj^ mi r ^ <S JlJs <jL£ *ALH 84001 ^J—JJI j^jJI
cJsjJI I Jufc J£ J}L-v i4jLiU 4jJL« U^r/'*' (jt^' g-£jLall
^! i ^ ^Lc JjLtij Luis 1 JJ^JJ <^£. ^KjLaJI Jojj-A (Jj^ LoLc ^jjj Mir
(j^o (j-cLijl^ j ^ Jj^ u " j J ^3 Mitl _il_>ijVI j^LLaJ (jjo 3jL_3wlj Ajljjj
(J^L>. <t!L>.La-<s Sjj_i-<aj ^ mi 4 mJI ^LiaJJI t— fli m^"i i »! Sj-jjj Cjl_LiJ I juSl^. ^psjVI
JUi_3 > Lug ^J>XLi jr^o J^t t Jaj>» ^j-m^j t ^ ^A^ ^L*JI ^ m l U <-r^>^ lt^I
t ^ \W j 1 <t mijJ ^^^-S »l iri till i _ T JJ j-LuL-ajL (j-ojl—A j^LLajl , jjjJLl ]rt m
^Jamu L jl£- a , * frLLajL) jj>AI *tj_0j ^g-uiM parachute alla-a ^j-iti
<Jjj3 Lojua ^ L^Jjo J£ (jia^x, jJLu 2Lul jjb (jjuL^I inflate j-aij tA
3 j ri ^jVi ^jij) 3 *m ^yLj .v^sji ^Um,^
t^-l^J ^ti 4 ; j n ,,,11 frLLajV 3j j-Kj 3j-J-aJ J^ilaj ^1 * retro-rockets
V * ^LdJjl J rtrttl <jl£L>a} jJJjLsjIj (j»ujLo ^j-ul J^Vl dJLA ^r-jT< ui
:ury>-j-5>^ (jh jl t^>o (jJj Ares Vallis j^jIj SL^ uJJ 4 nUUI
ujjJilL lander 4,j ilajVl 4 U t, I £xlajj *Joj j ^11 1 J j t iM i U i n i i A ^rU i n
^rt^* (j<m Milt £ jpJo ^ya 4jfl^ ^ d » ^ ^ C? rt^>" 4_jvj JU ^JtjjJJ pl^ZLuuVI < tr^'V
CjL) <i -v ^)_C <N;* jit jJblj-^a jl .j.", -t^I Q^Jj^j mil «Lj-ulj)) 4JL5j frlj i -%»
La ^yic ciJLuk I j& jjlZ ^uv *DaO Vallis jlj (J^l j 4nU djL) <ya ^U"t>4
4-xa>J1 l£JJj JM-i* tSjL^Jl j-o-iLuJI ^ ^Lxll JjSJGj jtj 4_jt£j jJLu
j-JjT (^jlj 4 rtt*wa £j£J . jtJ^JLl tru <i ( jr Ll 4jjLv <?L->a L$J C*jL£ (jH-M S^jLjlJI
^jLa it*w$ j i n*^ i^l^-J Lq ijr l£. jj^aVi CjjLi-u jl£ 1 LI j_>. ^L)JL) J!t4J JI^J ^
^ Y * ^ 1 * 43L-ul_i2 jJLj ellipse ^^^L ^-^^ Lq jlSLa ^ jjJjLajL
,4 nUiU dJUb ^ >LtA
SjUA^I jlfl j Upright ^jlojJI (^fl 4_ijLua^Jl 4m<i mil Ct.jit~uj Bj^xLjuait
^JlV^ihI ^^jt^jjII (xfcJt J>U- .O^Luaj^l oLul^Aj 4_jWJ| L^IjjlI 4j^|jJ|
jjj^'llj jj^IJ 4 jtxiUll jJolill j-uJL I4J Sjj^JLl jj$-uaul\ oVT jjiJbLajL (joijLu
jLuojVl CjIJjuo Luajf ^J ^ fc T t,,! >o La^ tLbl^J jjV i^II ^ 4 Ah^U ^I^jV)
jjb 4l^ dJJj (>a (oaVIj , 0< ifltr> II 4JL>. L-kj t "II meteorological equipment
_ 4«Ljj^i£J| 4j^c LajkJL>»? jjja (jJj m i ii tramps ^ <\\t n ^jj. Tmi j JLuLxjL (j^jLo ^jl
.^jjJLI jJou-u j-uJL (j^jVl ^ J-^^J j^jJI 4jj| j 4jjx, Jjt ^jJkj
t^jill rover «JI^>JL3» t ^jn^ ^J^j ?J4jj l5>^' cjLij^j.-jJ.I ^1 ^Lu
L-kx^JJ ^JL3 ijr l£. 4J^1d JU^j V jJLuLdjL ^jLa 4_ul a \\ 4 m <i f »tt 4l^ "si
^yllil CjIjI j,i nil ^Lc* (jic I>jj^ JLj^j V Lo jjfcj 4i jryj Jl3 ^Jx. 4£.Ld3jlj t^jLaJl
III J^iib! jit (jli
.(€UiLj»4jlSj5j^)(^ r ) Sinters j£IA2\ u>jl>»*J»
«JIjj>JU 4 m i in SjLc^/ 4_L_u \ T 1_A ' 1 4_j O^aJLflJ ^Ij-iaV « L-uLi» 4Jl£j
tS. Truth <— ijjj j^jj "-j-lju »-3 j— ji ^yi^. (Sojourner jjjj_^>.j_^jo j-j>.L_l!
JjJs Lo SjJUa ^ cjj^ljll f Uj ...tl evangelist <-l!jI " < n i T aj^l 3j fit A \
^L^aS^ua (jt juuj . UYV ^ UJI ^ J^l ^ U^il 4jV^JI *LiJ1
j JLuLLjLi (jjijLo tLcb_aji 4 i j rt nit ft j ( n £J>-U (jr^ u!
<>* ( u ) cjbjL ^ 'j o <£j U j t m ^Ut Vo-^j ^jSJI ^ml (>Li
J JJJJ^V- 3_lju 4 ,4 g a CjJ
(j^*J i4_j_u3j^/! 5 U ^. 1 1 t ^ " (Jf U| jj__uaJl J^Lx 3jl_cIj L^jI Jl_S_H_ju
J-jJ) l*Vl 4Jl J I J-^>J1 i<ilHi ^ J U*l rnj (j^-lij * 1 ^ M J J„l ■> "I 4JjL*— 4
^1 ^LusVLij . Lfc^J 4-l^jJ.I 4-iitJjJ.I 4jj^t_uaJl ^rln . dJL^J 3^-^ Q^^-'^
(^Jl LiJj^ijjj Ijkj^o Spike l^u^ Iji (una 3^ J >^J>^> 1J ' J^>*^ d>^^ i«-^iJ^
Ljju*J * spectrometer ' ^jUlt L_uL-1a J^jtJ U-^ ti^'n^Lua j\ ft j^it-uail
jJLljLojL) (jjijLa ^jLs i jj_j_Sij^i_t/ (JLiji>. 4_uLua-aJI 4 m n mil J^a L^llLao
tjjjj-jw Jj j'Jj 4JL£jJI j-JJL^a jl—t-jj 4_-*£L3tj t« Lt-oLj)) 4jL-£j ^ I Jujux I j r.
Ijla (jru Lit j -vl jjjjLSj a^^-jjl -" J'^'*^ i£j*j-u)}\ :Goldin
£fJu\ jLli-V J-l<ul1I Ju tCjIjljMitl ^^jSLuISLl-o ^jJ 4_Liai-4 4H^Vj tjL * M i l l
4jjuii1 j tL >G_uLi> n\\ jini n imII jr^Li 4 nK"t CxjL^ .^4j>lAjl ^j-ujjLdll ^ya
£f jaJI 6U=» ^ iiuuJ|
j^O */^ (^yLc 4<4, m> JLJ^J V ^Jj-jJJ l£>>^ <-3>LxII (jf ^-Cj 4jl jJLljLdjLj
. A '^"^ 3 rtKli TtJjJLl (J^>- CuIj jl JL4 j j f <n I 4jSLyLa^j? CjI jjf
W fell
Ju-a2 o' ^ £^11 <4_J^| SU^^JI 4_uUb-AJI 4nnM.lt lj>La <jL£
Jj^ Ij i r„ c LgJ V Tt fu» < ^ <\<W ^L*J! <-jL^> J>1*j J—^II ^JJ
i^LubVLj . jj>^ ^trim ^1 landers * t*>J\ jrC<tn-»- « J-t^jJj * ji>il
(jrtJul «0^3 jSi.r*-4)) jM-LaJ 4jj|jJLl 2LjJSjJL1 jJL^J <jL£ jJLfl tcdJli
tSjujui 4_cj-4-uj jJLxcJI (jL^ilaj probes < m * LoJbj tpenetrators
1 4_LJl3 CjLo^j j^!?t (J ^ (jy— ^ JjJU £ — U i ut CjL_ wLl^ Jjt >■}
jt In < nil (j Ll J I udj^AJ dtl JL»_aj j— jj, CjVT Cu i *t,"u 1 L^aLaJj
^j-^ « ^jjJL!» o-SJLLxjI l.<uwr * j,a *4a-j j mi r (j^jLjjJ!
^j^jla Y * * I ^" <iK"t Ciffij 4Jj^4^ l^w a 4j2^jLo 4<j^Jt-c Sjj) in * ^jL^Jl
cL^UJl ^jjo JuJmJI <Jjj9 ( jja SjljJLC CjIj-L-uJ ^ <w i »l JL^jv. 4\j <rt"w (j-Aj
^JL_5cJl^_uJ ^^uuJmJI »1 i ntl J — dljj-J O^J * I JlL Mi.T (j^ — mJ 'flUj
OjL^ t« I <jjU» 4 ILSj (^JkJ L^J^t Jl *t A £jA ^\ £yA 3 J ^ J J-^l ^Jjij)
JL_Jk^i>. L^j^ j fc < a ^j^ J J ^JJ (J^*^ tZ»t J— Jt^a
4-a-oL>- i jwj^l 4 j i id t n-w j — 05 1 ^ t ( <>j_j (jLSj aj JLuLdjL) ^j-ujLo J jj_jj9j_j-u
ijJUl >U j ^JLl ^ ^1 jljJL! jl^^3j ir-Titl oVT ^Ltij ^
1 aj Cc \ mi4 ^ — ill 4_j j\ i>> nil « n!l 4_xi_jLa] ?JUJL>. 4^Lu»} 4JCLa-4
i i jjujj L j}\ »i <n rttl 4jL$j J!Loj ^—JjJLI 4_Jjl^ C-JL^ L*jjj . tiJLlA
4>jj) t <^> (jVI 4^(j-j-*-w (^jJtj t J » 6 j j 3jj r^> > 4jj^4j ^^alSj ^ jJI j
.Ujtn^Jill^jlj o " ,„Vlj .4 j 4 T j VA\
. 4 j n"i ( nt.1 ^jLvL-t iT
^P^j.alh 84001 ^j-lU I >«JLj isi*jm jL^Vi ^ <\m
4_> . .i A j Cj^Ljlaj I *ij^>-j LbJ-ki (j^Uj ^yUl ^Lw^II JjuaJLi r,U^ t > <\^,\
JLj^L*. 3\ ■ o, i >ill tCj^L_>> jJI ^-Al c<J>L£ j n *^ -»Ji ^ * " ^ t!>^_i * ^ ^
Sij! j-aj iMars Surveyor j^-lSj^ ^jLq j>LL>V «L_uLj» 4JL£j .Uln^
a U ^ jJUjLijlj (J-ujL-AJ jj-xJ* J— <-u JL>ji>. ^ ^1 j^h^* L^jJsl
L^jLtjujIj oULl_JI J.l^ lmj <er^ t>* s-^^SLM orbiter
4— tL>jua-ij CjUI c " i iii >.! i <j f^oj lander 4 j j t^p^jVl
^jl I 4 j i^jVt iLxsJLl J 4jjI jJLl 4 , J_£ ^ j r ( ,„ ^iCjLaJl
«L_uLj» 4Jl£^J 4 U->JI oli— A jT>_3 * j-J^II ^1 4 — LusxoJLo Cj^Lw^j j^_j^^_u
. 4 JSJ t lj j „u 4rtK"Ti 4<ort VUI Delta II T Lib j. ^ ^Ijiir."
jj-ujUL 4 j 4 U ^ 1 1 LiJ A (jj-ibo )l£> i 1 >>> jl ^JSLjL— ill (j-u— SLsuj
4 at-dj (jy _^ 4 iajLA JJL^jj J— -j t^c—Jj ^ U 4 — uOlJ^jiJI Ji^ ^ > nit A
4 U-»JL1 ^3— S3 <S j >. i4 -u^xj>J! 4 j ,U rtll 4 — c-^aJI 4 lsL->. 4 4 JJ^-Jb
J^jJi ^cj 5 , at L^jI j U t h AtK* itti TtJ t 4jl.Lfcj 4__)jJxJI ^ 4_> juojVl
jji > ^^A jfcLt j? ^ t^i i i ^ at o \ « jMuyi sj^L))
a ,^ 1 4 m ^ ,,.fi ^ 4^llji ajL^Ji ^^i,u t ^ < ^^^
>^^JJ ^-jp.) Jj- 2 ^ jjJlIJ .« L7 _Iilj «Planet-B o euJ^JI))
Jau <-uJ ^ ^ I j . ^j__>JI 4 r. c ol — 4j U U Ju_j^I' c? ^ c
t U j^U 1 im\ \g a, a c-aSj^JI)) Cj iL^ J ^Ji \lx — A j J <1
Iju* j>laj i^il juju jdxi SLpJl cm * ALH 84001
4^juM J ALH 84001 ^j^JJI j^>J1
j5 t 4t mU 3b^jVl (j^i 4 Lie /Ml jljLcVl »l .^i «J (^Ll SjjLa CjI JUt^i
LgJ <—Ojj jjylll lLLIj JjjO ;4 j^jjLo^jjSM ujIj.i "V <J] SjJjJJLI CjIjL^o^/I ijr^3
IjjuuzIS c-^LlVl ojufc JLo^t CjJLjkI 4jI JL>o JL3 ijJ&jULl 4 HojVl 4Lu»JU
* LLiSL! . Lsjfcj-jjLjLjQj Jjl i"**<JJJ i^LSLa J j rtjj LfcTj ciljj Jj-o (Jj-jusLgj
t 1 t_9jjJlJlj 4j Vj^jQ 3jJt_L*3 ^ Y ^SfcJ £_C->J 4_jLO^dJI LxJ 0_3t-ut jl £^ tAj tx ^ a
L)J)^jj V JL£ Jj^JLl mi ^^ylt 4_uLuaj3 4 ij n i (i J^->iJ ^"i ■ ^ j X 4^xjJu Jtjpll
U^Jj^usj Ju£. I Jljv 4.3jjJa jj-i-aj i4_ui <>i »ll \ Tiii mi J M ^j^-^/l
4Jloj Q-A j-aS*$\ *j^>JI 1 In ii 3j * ' ^ o!>L^vjJI d JLA (j I t^.j . 1 j " j «w. j
c_^tj 4_ui ,'r.rtll ^» mil o' >^ 4_i_^5 j^Vl j-xiVl * (J^jj ^jJLAXI ^1
I jLj3 . L^^LLdI (Jj^ 4_flj Jij LajLlZLxI ^Ji iLAjLlij * L^JL^ jlLaj * 1 ^ <t j o i«V»
cjLLuJI ^ jufc ^L^ t^jVl ^1 cjUj c c-Jj^ li« Wind I jUs njjS.] 4 j
CjLa^LlIIj (^Iax} L*j-3 4jl Jirv CjLllaJI aJUb O^t_u-oi i L^ii-uljjJ 3 JlJ, V,«w
jl^J ^j>*j JLi*j ALH 84001 <j^j-^ j-=*-=^' ^ JL «d!j • U'^«J
t^jjJl IjUfc <jjO 4 j<j m1 1 jL*_JwSM jAAil 1 j irt ~ f f LqJjJI jJjlxJ J-AJ . m£j t\\\
L^jjuiIjJlj Ij^oLfl ^,111 CjLx-ljlII Ly JLc <LaLuaj CjIjLjjjxI *jj^>4 6^*1 Cr^ ^j-^'j
i£l (^Acj . 4-QjjLdJl jjJejualt (jjo <>JUJu>. CjLajI » a Jo I iMml ^JISUj iJjuLILi
^ ^ISjJI JalAiJI Ja-L C.,,K mm «aJLu> 2 ^ibuaw ALH 84001^j_uJI
(jj ^yk. (ijjLUI) 4_ul£j-Jl jy*tsi\\ 4-i mo La 4jjSLo congealed c»jjt>»j
^^JLlJ O-ao m£j->u Cj\ \ "ijjJI Jjt-flJ CU4jJI JJ>4J UJ^-" L7-^ JJ) V "*>tl
»1 <ilf, <jH->- (jSU tCiLj^l-ati] 4_LaL>JI jl j ^Vl jj) V ^ II dJLA jVl
. i-ui£j_jJI jLstjwVl CjLjjL*. (^ylc jj* til ^ # <t j V f Ij-jl>JI I jj^jJ^jj^-JLJI
4_5j^Uj (jiajVl Jjuaj (jl Lg-ftjQ (^SLcj V 4_jvjjj 4 mi A 4-lijjjjjJI jj_st~uaJI ^SLI
dj«Ju-o j^uS LaLjJ i Tm a t\$ <ijU Vi - ^LusI jj>II mi ^yJLi 3jj_>.j-4
.^^DjVl cJo-djj Jijl I jl jLst>>l£ \4j\c l-AjjioII (jS^J V
j-Aj i4jjj^-juo Cioiu (jl (jSLcj La (j J
rovers oLsl^LJI «>1>.I jjJ> ^ jj^II ^1 4 jli aum tl cjM^jJJ vU^UV^H
cjLj-c jjj *jj>II <^£- SLpJI j_^>.jJ 5Ul>.U jJsl^ll jjLstltu ^pJI 4_jSLjjL«jjV|
4_Lo 4 j^-UirrTI Coo 4 ^ jUllj jjjll j-La-u* (j^ <^-»Lu^ t «l>" m ^pJl SjjjlJI 4l>.j
^1 j-UjuVI Ijl^J .4JUJI «L^L>» 2Ul£"j <UU^t LlxLj .^jVl
jf ^ ^ ^ < ^ < ^/^ < ^^A ^lj itj^yi sjlsL»» ^ jLi*jL^>u i>Lko>^u5
cr 1 ! ^Uo-AJI >U. ^Jl j>LkiV 4-JLUI SI3LUI jcl^ ^j * Y •
(jj* ^Pdj^U ol < j til Jj-*-ojj t T • * i ^Lc JjIj! ^ J «^> "T * Y * * V ^L*JI t A
I jl^J Lj-^Lxol Mj^xj « L^L» 4JL^j atilj I jl 4j>Lt :< *u\ j^SUj jlI * Y * * ^Lc
L-cLw ^MM M. dJUJL>Jl 4 JrttVl fjJi JjVl jLSjJI jU iJlj^Vl (jl .jjj-iJLl
♦ McKay ((j-iu^) J^J)" < j-Aj * j^>J.I ^ CjLLlc
84001 ^J^jII! j-jJt^J! j^jj ^ jJI (Jjj-^I <l£^° j j rtjj (jJJ 4_Luxj o.<u V
Jin ^ *aj o r (j-^ CjLu-uujS/I jj) ia.<L4j Jj^Is Jjwj jjbj t ALH
^ «astrogeology 4 m! .>> Ml Lj^Jj aljtP-^' 3j1 <j m.
Jjuafj ^ in <i u i t l ^Uaijl * jru 4-aMjJ! L^jjJLjJL£ 4jVj ^ «LuuLj»
^ 4i!uill SLpJl 4!l*j ^ Friedmann <jU»ju^ <Sj^\ 3jlcL_JL Kj"<jLjjj
«LjSLtu» ^j-oli^ 5jj ^JLijIj tcryptoendoliths m tl <jru 4JLZL>JU CiLt^ua^JI
4£jj ^j-Aj tHoare S^atj ^nUr j t4 i^rtV itj 3jlj->Jl cjLkjjJ 5 ^
(j nj * t l ^ cJSUj c-JL^iail 4-uiljjJ (2LbL>JI jLo^JI jl^I ^Lfl ^ ^
Cj\ «"m ^ t JU^>- j^al ill (^JuL>Jt *LLa*II (jj)) 4JjjttJ LilJj) ^ISLa .U^V t aj
(> ^ ^ tt UI J-^l >Jj * J 4.J!fc-"JI (j^a 3j j ^- J I 4 j rt^i ^ i.4i IjLA
3>o-^Jt 4-^jVl jU^Vl JL^I ^Aj] LjjjI jl (*Lu C^f») ,3l_H>JI JLluil <>q
^Lc cxLiAjJl (jylll] ^-tLJLv jf jl>o U^.^juLw ^Uu> <d **< H>-aJJ 4_*jL<JI
Liiij JjIjI ^ tfj " n,U Jj^ CjjI j ^1 4-ul >>>ntl 4n ,,<tl iLL^j ^ <\ V\
JjJa La lJSojJo Cut-* 1 jl La <L~jjJ, 4_Li-iijj (JUujj M-^Lfc ULc I JlA jj£Lu_i . i-4-_>u
.«L_JLufc (j\ tl^jij SLpJl j! t prelife conditions SLpJI
>La La j-l^t (jLa t4_t-oL>Jt 4lLuliL>w 4J LjJJ? j o<i H jt ^ (*^J-M lt^- O^J
rovers CjL_ al^leu 4jIju * £j>U ^-jLajI! Sji^ ^1 <i -»JL (^ISLo (
^ jrCt, j-i o-uj gO-jojLt^j ALH 84001 ^j. M j— a-_>J1 Lj—aI aJL!» ^LSLa
Jjf j| 4 n i ii v ^yfc Lo'aVjI i^j^l CjLm .tH l_JLv 1 <3^<n ^--jM Cj}I_^jJ1
3j_jt__o (^t jl (^-uu 41jL-i tfLJl Ci <^>j-*3 JlA j&Jj-M jja 1 ^jlf j-^-£- <jojJLfl 3jV io
3j j" a (j^Su-tu (^_?Ij_jJI Cjl_Aj_<aJ 4 <i ♦ <lt,l 4_j_3eJj.I1 (j-aj^i (j-i-t Jl_>.^j 1 gjj, j"i
4i_L_> 3jj_u_u « jr h Vj jj-jl JlJI JJjJll (ji LLaj) ^ a tjJJ j J^JjJ * LLal
^ya jjjlac f.\ ts\°\ ^_JJ 4_vL>. I *( i u T J . IjjLa 1 4* a a j i f> I ^jJI tjVi jjjj-ll
<^a 4 n r ^-ic. Jj-A___jtil d-j j ^tl 4_j_3 (jryL_u ^jJI jlSUJJ <Uj U V" tl ^jJl
(jJjVl 4^jJl-Jl SjiftjuaJI C-ilS' 1_J jjjJLI
jL_i t 4J_- u Cr^^ i,OjV,o^L^jLLaLa c-ij ^ 4j5 ALH 84001 ^j-^ilt
, [jrj^JD (jflL \S^=>r ^^Llj reducing V^Ia-cj t L^ljj ^LLj
- j - Lo_>a t4j > U mil j^ait-uaJI ^ - l h >- 3^ ' 4 j^u-ij^Jt 4JLlL> Jjwa (jJ^-Jj
4_<uJl_JI 4j-VjjJL1 j^it-uaJI ^ ^Ju-a3 jl mm (jL- I JlJ . 1_^ckj <JjVl
^ ^LSj_JI L yu J \ "fl ALH 84001 ^j^ltl j^->Jl j^f» ^LulS
^-Lc 5j j j *s (jIaLija liJLl^-- (3Lj->JI jj-^-j (j-c r.-a- j I T Lj_3j_« JJLcj jjjJLl
^-JlL-uuI Jl_9j . « 4-L-j lTJjM-j V , ^-ic J-JjJ 3jJL frLr Jl/ La?.jJl-A j_ouj L-^aiCJt
t j^jj_u ^y-Jlj t^j^lj-JI CjLa^ QJi j^uSJi JJUlII Jl>Uv ^ 4jLjJa_>J! <?JlA ^jjSL1_JI
juu bombardment jujlAJI < Juntt l 4_lojw ^ 3j^bl! J^ljil c^j^ t^il
4 »t AU 4_xw_jjll ^-j-oljVl i U i (jl J^-uJl i>a l >ujJ)) .(jiM Mill ^lia-JI (J5^
L^- (J^ O^ 5 lM-^ U^^J *2j3__^JI jJL i nil udJ jj * jr^lj-Jt CjLa_4-ij
^ Sjl-cI mi oil (^jjJI t_3^LiJI Jal jJl^ lLIL^-S dUjJj V(t,J (j^jVl
Lot *4_La CjI m til ^jlSLa J «>> * f Juu 4j£j* ; 4_u Lua_^a] I d'tjL * < „\\ 4jLajJl
* L$J juu CuL£ ^^Hl JLSl J^JIj 2LcjJlUI CjIj j > j II tjLt-i^ (j£LaVl Joia_a|
(jJoLLo lake beds CjIjj^jII ^jl juj jjM ♦ Ja^JI 4_lL_»J < ..I J^LLi*
tVjl :dJJ jj ^jl jl or jl >> ' tilLukj • jj^>ll (J3 i^ 4jj3-a3- 1 31 j £uz, <■ < t ^ 1 1 4_JL!Lo
^jl I 4 ^ iSji^J^a 3jj_u^j I A, \ 1 / *C ^ t till jJ (A. t W "■ *j 4 t i ii I j (J^Lljo L^jV
^j^jjiJI 4 1 ii a LluLlu! CjLj-i^tlj 4_cj^L<q ^Lat Juu CjIj jtt j 1 1 (jl *
4JLu (jl JL>u i4jl^jJI (jr )3j . <j L^j t CjLjj-i>. Lfc^ljJ L-aiitJ (jl 3L_5tl! ^-4-i (^jJI
c <j kj Sj^tj ^3 ^ <i*i ml <ji ^jSUj 3Lxj>JI ji ^1 ^ j Mil 3 j o ^"U Kj^jLxjI
jws ^LxJi ^ £±jX\ ^ cl^j ^Ul jl_^Vl (jt ^jJI
CjI i j r < ^ il^l 4JLwjJ * t^U ^»"U 1a > j ^ Ju Ju>o ^^lc « LujU)) 4jl_^^ Cjj n ^-
Juxl» (jjl^Lo J^-^J . JjcoJLj dUj CjjJU>J ^c-jjLj J^tsT) 4j1jV (3jL_o]I ^^j^-II
^5e_j 1 i 4_jJLl]l jjje_t-<aJI (j^-J iLjLa^o 4_Lit_>^_>a 3jje_juta (Jjl (jr^ - ^ 'I ' ^ ^
. 4_c^_4_u ^ <n ^Li jj^Jll ^j^j CjI *m r < il^l i ]rt]n V ) ^1 I nlr . jVjJ ^jj jla V * *
( K n ^1 ^^SL^OJ ^jyltil <L_L>»jJI ^jj jjfc I JUta .« j^JLl /ys iJlj jj_5e—uaJI
J—^' 1 ^"<il^i" ^1 ft °i Ijj^aJ j-it^VI 4-uLua-iJI j> ^ - N La) '.jVjJ ^jj) jl c V * *
4 <i < dlj-ll S j j t r\ \ \ jj)r^-o-To t jjjJLl L-fll mX" i (i I (JjjLHI L_-d£.f jilij LaJU£,
jl i^_La_*_o]l jj^-uaj u \c SjJkLoJI mK'i < ii VI dj-^lj iCjLfiljlaJl j t4jSLuLajj^l
ij^j t4 j i U <i 1 1 ^ o rtll L-fllj-j>- j! *4 j tIii nil Coo 4_JLj-Lx1I
(Jjj-LaJI J j ^ <i*j jjfc u n\f\jl\ L^_3Juk (j! JLSjII ;4_jLjlU dJ j ^ \
jl^Vl (Jlj-jijJI J^-LaUl j^jlj JJ* tilJj *cJtUj mijII 0^ n i^iCi i mU ^Lal
ji ^ t*< miIj L-fll iii^i ml LjjJL^ JIL«j_jj (jl t < tclj Vt ^4 t < njj *U 3jl_jjc>JI
4 Bradbury l£j^o!>j ^Ij " „fs * *-*tr
tfj-AJI jLI^VI Ijla ^ >jj > jle jUi^Vl ^ <P A ) « jj^l
. Ji^4>JLl jViMU La LJ Jt LkJu^j 4 j,<r>V mi 11 CjljLj-JI fo{j foAjJ (^JlII Lr uiL l J i J\
jUJLl ^1 Uj^Sj (^L 4J Ll> o ,« IjJ VJ *l J^O-uo V^u^Vl
o? Luic: [^jli ^ L^-Ja Jo^i ^l] 4_JLH1 3jll ...jL^cVL
JloJtj trw < ru V Lol jjrt* ill (J^-oj jLIoljl C<j.a ^JLc
.«l£Uj Jjuij (jf ^j^u ^U" mi\ V 1 / << 1 *LiUj 4rtKj
J-jluIjJI (j^SLLI 4jj mmII 4_>1 -»r "i < .iVl j-Aj^w ^j^jjl^j jJlc, iCj! aKtl dJLgJ
Jjjjij i( jj£J\ JjualjlJi ^3 4_JjCj £_>3 J^tjjj i3jL>.jJlj JJ) t Ctl ^-*J * UJ foA
LljL) r tj ISjUjljJI LfJ^LaVl dJufc Sjbj « Jjjxo^a ^jfc La 4-3j-« a ^jJJ
SjUJiC JLx>-! (jr^*- J^^^ *JdLA' cr^! J ' "J^ JL_wjI JLu> ^_r>tjw
.^jLa-i-oJl LjjLv foe Jj^JLLj UjLx>-Ij <LiSLuLajjjVI 4_uLuaiJI fo*> -tt ^j-*
: 1 $i a ^? JL^jj V i L^JJu ^C^^ ^* ^> "'J -. 1 1 JL^jV 4-udjLlII J«J1 La
JL>.j) cjIjjjjj iLLuuoj j^>-l v^j^ cal mi<"< iwV ^ j'vll sLaLiJll (^yl^.
*Ll» ^-a^4J ^aLujI Jj>>o {0-$j£-«u ugjflj n-w jjIj foA Jj *((jryjJT
^4>al J^? £juoJ 1 0^1"'<tJ ^ J^-Jl JL>JLlj j fU ^jrWil < (j^jaSL) La^ t4jjJLscj La
^Ir |^4j^ mi illj SjJL-lll ^jL-uj t^j^L j_>a ..*4_jwjJ 1 ^ -wj» * juJL->. ^aJLx. lr
^I^Iaj Fitzgerald jJI j-l^JJLj^ cj^SLuu 4j1jj 4^Lv ^Llal jLv jJ «^i,>»"i11
:4j^miiH oLcjil 2LxflljJl foe jlk? Jiiij Vf u.-rrg . The Great Gatsby
^1 < b7 1^J • 1 ' r^jl 4iim<i ujJI t -^(j^JI 4jJL)j 'pjj ■ ""1 » Ji>^ J nutl < mi^'i i ii j (j I
(JcjJI 3 i mit lj J^Vl (^k.) 4 t ^ a 4^>Jl jJuj i j J">nt l i^oii ^^1*3 t JL>.
<W>. jJoLie_A (jr l£. ^gj) U n Li£ i4jjUo jJL_« ' ^l^"' jj^j*U (jL-oJ^ I i_aL n i ^"m l
(JT Lc t4 j olr. 1 4jLj Jj a}\ (JT Lc t j , ^ t 3jjL) SjJ^j I
(jjLjU 4-j| J^oljJt c j_A <U I JL-SJLct il XI J,.M>1 ^gj- Mi I t l L-^l Mi^"l M l^l
(jLjj * I h In mi'iT ^ j o y ^SLscj <Vl c-^atj^ Ji » ntl <j^a J j I "ill ^jLj
jl" Vj I iiW 4_L>.JJJ 5 j , .. X\ JLj! jJ9 jJL <j! C^ 4 ^ ^-J^cJLl (jL i n 1^1 ( ^1 i (i I
♦ Jj U ( 1, 1 j Jri t It 4Jj_2lj Lc_a ^c^>J1 (jr Ic mi S> j fnVI I Jufc ^ 4j1 ^ <ll
^j-Aj iL^Lt-jusl 3j nif. JlVl jJjj * Jjl-oIL <UjLfc 5 nK"i tl ^Li t^jjJLI
SLfllSJU (jjlc irt >,tl U"i mi') LuJ jj ijt nil) SjlUI j i4_iSLpLfl^jjVl
Ajja 1 1 j irtV mi ^Jl 1 <1 Lut 4_^jJL>4 ^3 JIU-Hj ( ^ 7 jJI *4 <i < nL>JI 4j < nA)Jl
jnm ^1 <^ .nit 4_^jMJI j t 4_jSLuLajjVl 4 n\ <>t ntl n.tl J^L^ ^ 4_t^Kjl
. £tJ^_4-Li mi j tl < b\ niSi" < n^>U I, V j JUa 4 t^-L
4jUv " . H V ^1 m ^t l ^jjJI Kennedy iJJL-jJ^ cr^d>^*^"
^JJ c-jLajJI jLJl — sfcj Lul » >LjL_1 jAc] I 4 jlLc tjr;j<Ljj «Vl 4_l1LI^ 4
JLjjI 3_*-> ^LflJLjVI (jLj 4 t i a a 2LjtJ^ ^uJLaj (jlSLa^/l ^yS 4j| JLol£,!j.«j-«-flJI
Jj jj'^j mil jL>JVI £A ^1 i i . r JI (3^-*-" (1)^ *^ ^"i n j o ^ 1 1 ^JJ j r.. .tl
iloj J^jj mi *\\ j ^u.aJs.Jl J^Li- j o nl T jrtJ^-Mi jtl iffrt j r ^1 -^jl
U ^ i **< r I JL-5-3 * Jajl u rtU) a ^-uL^uV Lj jLSuLfil ^1 Ijiaj j * 4 j i^UI
^% i nil ((J^r-Tnim) V niSi" < nl
3 J a- " U cjLVjJI (jl Clinton qj> Tt < iK ^^-u jJl lt^ *V- x ^
CjIjUl-U (j-s J^—^ji (3d>^ U^- j*i>^ J J> trtU I J i rt " i »< 1,1 Ly B < < * u
^ frl jljj 4_pLtia_^ tiH-tij JjjJo ^ o"*!^ instrument packages
^4J^lx.y L-j-ujJSJij) jj>il (jjJ! >^ J^ol '9^1 Bush SjIjJ JjjLuJI
Jft SjjJ^I ^Uj 4jUlU U1SL* ^ f Lc- (Hjjl^ ^jVl ^1
(j-u-UjJl Uj t4 in <*n oJbjJI <_yj&9 . 4 of ^ j\j ntVi 1 * a ^ ^->^jJs
JjJa^V <UjUV"U uiUjij * ujj) ^ * Instil fcU*t->l JlSlc ^1 (jj*
<Loj1.(>. 4Jjvj 4jI_4*) ^j^r^jj Ch.-tij ajljJLl 4j^Lc1 (jjj-ujJl JL3 ^
nil 4" ) ( i ^i,^ (^jlII * Lucid i u ( f>jj ^j^jLiu ^LusloJI juIj i cr^>^ 1 '
i Jlu-u jLsul JlcLojjj .Mir ((j-uaw 4_ul < ?\<i\\ 4 m n Mill ^J-ua (j^ic (j^-u-ujj LTJ-IL^ j-a
i ijr LM^j <-\ ts*\* JuljJ ^Lal^ LaLc dj^ <i*i i it! 4_Lvj ^^xoj 4IlL*.j SjLd JLc jjj (^jJl
ijjjjl ^1 jlju! 4JUv ^ 3l_u>JI ^^jLc c-LL-JI ^JSLoj j i» jl jL$kJ Lr l£.
ilaxS^il (jMJoyi ^ Cildjia J^wj ^ jt) ( U ) 4Su>ll CjL^lHI ^1 43UbVL
/ys 4i3-jJl L^jJlj_4-uJ j^yjJl tiilll 4-_^j1 mi a 4-j_Loj CjIj *i <i1 t4_uL-Ja_dJI Cj^LjwjJLj
ij^jJ t cj>LvjJl dJL& Jlo ^ j-^i-JI JLujJ ^ xAliLoil ^ c^j . jj>Ll ^1 ^j^i
J^>o ^jU^i m*> L£ 1 jl Loo^ Jj i4JLvjJl JLoo^l nij ^ jl^ jl liij Lo_jJs iUfl'^
jl^ Ijl L* 3 * j-jj-qii , t ^i,H oljL)Jl aJbJ^Jl c-u^lSJLl lJiJI£J
jjjJ,! ^ If. < n m< " < \") JL_S ^yJl 3L_j_j>J1 JlSLil ^yi ^\ fjL£ Ijij La 1 tilU o
tolj^jjjJU ^c_jjJL1 ^Jal mil uu? jl>-j_j V (Lq ^jj>
4j! ^ JljV l^ia JjVl (jt LiJjJU J£LILB * Ol\lJt fjj mi j II J>XjJi ^ 4_i_iijJlj
4_JLl^ll 4__J^1 0>LvjJl OjJljJI ^1 4->.U- OiLLft j!j i^UUl 3. 4 ,,j
^<uLa £j j-jlo dJU^s *l^>^' 4_o-L) *^j>^^ 4 U M t >>U ^Ijlc^U
. (JJLIa 5 Jul i utl l^i \ \ l3j.*"JI 4_xjliiJ1 l-iCju Lo-i_u
. [ jjjJII ^_L^ t m.Tsj j£ ^pJI sLpJI Jl£Lil o' Tarter
jJLi-a j-j-c- c-tS^SJI tj^£ / ^ j ■ *» itiJLlA SLj-skJI oju>.j <jLa
. l<j ■ .inn 2L*$Jll Jjljll
4_jSLj_jLo^j a^l SLuLiiaAJI ^j/i > nH 4j^j ^Iaj Wi > n\ LjLj Sj-^J (j^J' cr^ 1 !
QJ) * 1 "J ^j-uLlJ ! (j| 4Ji_jJL>. jjfc Aj^-l 1 ?!, i„tl J>_A La jA^I JjL^ i^Lua-aJ!
^ii. (^JL: CjIjjJ^ (Jr i^ 4_lT^ u^l ,n<" m.VI Sj-^sJ Cj ; -ur I jlj .dUj
(jL-ujJ jJ 1 (j ( ito"y SjliiVl <L>-jJu jijj^" r n jLu>-^M olxJt (jl , * rt" r I t^jjAI
Ji-b j-t-flJ iOiJj J£ fjr* («-c.jJI (jifi. iBjljVLa .Oili Jjl^ (^jJI >A> u rt j n
LLoL^JLaI ^j-* J*-*-^' i 4-oJjL-Tt-) Lw ^Lq-jJkVl £ya JujJll 1 i7t— ) LjcJL- <-u 1 (jj
Odj*U cH»J^ ^Ut
i^Lwlc >L^T jtj>It o j^jfl j'" > cHi^^ ' j^A'
tjj^i iiiii < it <iiJLufcj _ 1 J-al Lq-^ - UJLlA 4j_uJI ^-a^JG ^ J, »t ^ > (>-i^L»
^3 jJI c-^iUI ^1 ni<i r ..l U^J>L_^ ^ j jU , -t J 4 j olr oLLaj^j
4jljL> ^^k. 4_>a>lc djLA J!LcJ i^^JaJI JLx^Jl oLIjj ^ .4.j.n <j uJI 4_Cj^>J.I
^^-Jij J ^_>.^_3 w J ' " jtJj-tl ^jl 1 / K <aj * JjljIILj .5 is** *\\ 4jL^j ( j" '^ J
q\ (^jJl La jjk LlA JlJ-tjJtj , 4_jJLjJI 4 j nlVl ^ Lo dx^j ^ ji* . *
gj jjoJI ^^JLc SU> qc
J£ Mhjtt 4— iJl 4 " .-vl 4ojlM i(^l^Lo fJMJjS p jl *J oltll ^^-AJU (j| JL_30
LjjS^SIj 1 d ti ill ^xjusj tj,^ dj-j-JLj ^1 ijtjp^ftU terraforming ^jjiajVl
LT i^jhS\ J^ I'iittLj (j 1 • " J 1 flj*4 (jL«j-ulj (jLaj ^rt * liJLijfc)) ^iSLo Jj-^J *( - >^jVl
^psjVl 4_lLl C*jL£ l^ji mi JJ>M J- t : N (jl ^ilfTrnM Lijf ^Jb JjVl i jjj-qll
t-S^LiJi Jt (j I OiJj ^j-Uj^ *qr^T ih^VL LjJuL l^>^^ UjSiic. Jt^aj <jl J_l3
^>>a 4 ok » a ^3 Lj^SLa 4jLoj jlj q" i J i K q i» <jy itjjJll (^j^J!
^yjoL-uUj (^->- <- & 3^ 1 4j3Ju I nlr, tcdJj J <;r gjtVniM ^^Jj . (jjjj£JI JLu^f
4ajU j^j^JI ji.ni<t ^ Lfcljist* Jilajj 4j .Innll ^x.aJI sublimate
^yic J.q f-u m£ jJI <4JLjJ9jJJ jjj-a ^LajL) ^yit-^JLl ^3^>JI (-d^LiiJ ni" m
d^X JLqjfclLII U>j^*^ (JLfcL^*^ Jullj&\ *(J 5jl^_>- < j M ^l < rVi a I
^Lajji <. < j i m"m^ <1jL^ dl-LA jj->.^j ^q « ii j Lcja t4jjUfltl ^j*-5JI (jr i^- l£>*"'
.(jVl 4jl r JUJI (j,* La ^^Lc CjLkjJlJ! CjIj-*1lju c-i^jSLJl 3jt>a» 4^w.jJ)
4_Lj_3jJI oljL£ 4JoL^^j S^cjj-JLJ 4 i iUTtW ^ o n TI 4_»|jj UjSUj < < (jSJ
(CFCs) ( r oU^-^ jjjlajj^iSJI fjjjtj t supergreenhouse gases 4. in Loll
>- 4-^xjj j^-J (jt Juj-j V LljV i^j^ajVl ^ 1 r 4 *« j in i **i »*) t _ r xJi
4 M4JLH CjIjLc ^ 4\1jLa »ni 4_JLl3 jJl^l L^SJ . 4 ^ 1 o.r LLl^^
4ju^jlJI cjIjLc. oj-jjuust oLxSU ^jSLqjj . ((Q^j^JI jlu^I 4_jjL«JI
3jIj^ 4_>-j_} j^^j (jl i^cJ^oJJ ^j^>JI L-fl^LiJt 1 j >Jt > JulC idjub 4_ojLoJt
jJi^f tjart tL (^jVl 4 i, mm J t^t 4-juliJ! S^L^iJl ^g^-T ' "^VW
^\ J Vr< i iiLj 4 j jVt nil p q nil ^j.V o < f \ 1 1 nj ^ <y 4 .j-ju£Li L^ZLojLj-u 4jn) «■!«■■>
^ m" ^>jISJJI 4-uIj CjVT ^LL^o L_a^ <M 4 itlU j Jt ^^Jj . 4_jj_lll
4 jU r ^JLajJ (jt tatj i<_uLUI 3j)t^->xJI (Jo-i-StjJ 4j| ^l^Lc jj^j .«oLiLjJJi
£jjaJI ^1 bjlinlmnll oUL> jJI
otj-ptJI <ya jojum, ! t algaelike plants u+Jl^-tnlb ^, u . mJ 1 oLjLUI
Jj-flJ . ^j^e-L-a^Vl £-|jJ**Jj (j^j^SLJI Jl_u_u£l jLiiilo-uL) U-JLte-LaJt ^rt* , M j
^tv< mm 4j1^jJI -±£J t qj r ,„<Vt u*>^ *J n.<t ^IS obL^I
(jjSLj i jj>ll (jrA^. global biosphere JjaLi ^gj j Jau^*_» (^JLl J^-ua->Ji
Lfljuk ^jj^JJ ^^jVl JSLiioJI 2L>Ux. V iJL>JI 2u-Loiajj
tjt LaLoj tJjj-< ' i o ^-j^. j-*t 4j! i \ n*if t» Owen u^W^ <Jj) nj^ . Lj-cj^a
cLijiliJi ,fl**<U LuM.^ mi a 4 <i j j— >-T i--£jS j[ $ * ~i >,J 1 n \
dUjJ . !.;,«.« J£Liil tdlj J* Tim LL>! £j j . L^Ja t^K ,,.11 SjLjj
Jj) njj <i_3jl_>Jll dJLA JLjljI jjSb L-a ^Jj j k ill ^Jj (j^LSLo ( jmJj^ ^Jj^jjj
t- >>i j J-A» JIJ— <-u (jJI 4 i Miitbj , 4j1 ,^ ill ^ cdJj J-«-S3 ^jU* mm mi LLjT ^
^j^>JI (jj <-** j.^.rw , SLxxJJ irtfll ^ic , 1 4"t"i (jt-AJ i^uLu (jr A ^^luLrwls «S l.jjlr
j-A t JiAj . «4-Lcaj ^1 jL_uL«a j jjA ^£j->*\ t^S\^ SLpJI j-^jj Lxo£^ Jys
Ijj-jxj-^j (jj^J ^ ^5 Crick & Orgel J^jjij llL^ ^jJLsl ^jJI (JiijJLl
4^jll JaLUI j>ilJ! 4_uj_cj^i j Lie I ^L. 4_l^j| MJ! oljU^J! ^ Ja^JL
: JtJ-u) ^1 4.,t,i,. t <tLi Lot» :MjLa m;1£Lo J^i m n LlAj idirected panspermia
JjLa-a ^ (jSU i4jaAL 41 AK" tuiUj , \ n " r f V IjLfl uSdUli Jt nu» Ja»
(J^jj£Llu-u (jJUjJlj ttjJUj j-i-^Vi ■ > j "i mJ ,I |«— A ((j^ajVl ^ lr (JJAS— ?">M
*<(p4>AX! I juA 4-»-l
. fcrt in LuSLJ (lLU J CjJl3cj <j! ij-SUIl ^j-*^ *( YY ) Cj-cu j^ajj J_l>. ajSLa
J-jJo I jjl jsljuul-j-ui (j^lc. LjT t , \ t -v. ^j_L>| ScLLaLio JjSLfuj 3jLcl
^jL>. jJLs . 4_aj J£j Jj.rt" Mill ^jJl j IVit-iu <4luLlII SjucLoJI &JJb .^jrJjVi
. ^ UJUkil ALH 84001^^1 j^>Jl jLoJ
^l^j ALH 84001 ( Jij r u}\ >^L^ .j^t ILuaS
4j nj^ ^if, jllU^a JllL<u Lj J^Jp 4_> 4 nU"«U CjL?c_iVI
t 4_j-^ljJl Sj-jjuijJIj i _lL>JI J^jlLI 4 tt-j"') ^djJl j^-Laj
JUlb-L) 3 si till cjL^LJLIj cjlal uuK)i\ q\ >a La
Lft**$ 2«*talt ?w)jjf ^ MUiftlt
Ijjj <d t>_t]LJlJI noun ^Vlj adjective ojlIII
_ ^JUU tLJxJI 4j}j 4 j n l5s ^jj^. ufljjOJI U^s
t'K*. n <jl JJL_lU IjLA JjJoj > JwT u ^>V
dLjJI (J^^Lj <j1 Lu^-C JJL-u JL3j . 4j JL_Sj 1 <i j'q
(j^Suj 4_>l jJl-jj l^oJIj i^cl«JI jjJl^ ^y-S >Li-£»t_ILa
juc jJSj - jljjuc. (^Ib- _ ^ylllj tL*Ll ^jjj 1 i<i k« ^ l^j ^jjoJj formulae
CjLjI£>- 4_j_j;JG 3jJUs J}L>* ^jJaL pJLc J£ jLfi tJLv (^f ^^i^J . ^aJI JJJL^
.p^-all SJoJlj^ Ji^-b Vja-oj 4jJuIZJI 43^jlII ^ \j\ < Lihj
iLejua 3 2_bju ^LJLaJI organization ^uJiJuil ^ ...<^
^4jV lLUju ^j_4j_2j p-Aj . 4_i tJj)^^ mmj p4-£ :4jUlU i ofcurt ^j^Lj » I .<i U 1 1
Sjj) <rn p^j) ^ ui 4_j_4-a1 t *i ^^fj t^^Sl mi J II ^j-A 4JLuiLui pj ISutt
4j qU.fl 4_£jJlI! (JL?t>a UJ-*-"^ <n 1 1 ^I^jJkJI pJfc LjlA 4-i.c A ) jj^^flj . 4-ujjJu
4j>-j J (jr Ll tcdJjU nil 3jLLc-4 ^-ojj-Ls LllLlAj ♦ 4 j pi tH p^djllaj ^LjJLjj
. t jj^VI dLoJUJI jlj^V ^jj^j 5jujl>. 2bjJaj ^ I U^w L_aLis£l
£-A ^y*j[jLJl JU^lUJL) 4j| l_4^ ^ L<3 ^-J^ ,*ljrt nt 4 U*^ LiUj J Jl_U
i * n ' ^ j (jt 4j£L^ V 1^jjLj_a jlljhJI ops t^LtJI pJlfi. pSL>J 2u£^SLiJi jVj
Lo 4j^iaj ^ m"m ^UJUJl jl^S ^12 ^la .^^SuiiU ^LoLJI oUaa ^Lo5 ^L^ls
djub ^j^ft 4jLjJL>iJ (Jlj^CJ Ca^JjO L-. ( . f , n SL<l j q^B (4_U_5tjJt ^-Ul Jlj-^l C j-A Joj-U
^cj L3 i£.J • Uai. ^jlc (jL£" pJUJi 1 JLA JjL ^LgJLil ^Im niVI 4-L)l nj ... 4jjJojJI
pj 4jLLu J-^>* cr^l 4jjJbjJI Jj! p^j i3j-jfcL) ji^J ^LLxv^l (jixau {j\
jls 14 * j itnf l f^i jfcj 3juJL_>Jl 4jjJiill J>J-^ j' lP^L? gl^J Cr^
J brill J oLflLll^VI Jjl-oj J.i " ^rj..rr i^'ll 4LU LajJ JtVi mi L^I
c*LiJ! ^3 f^jLp. >^nj f UUJI <jf ^ ^>j^ *Jb>JI 4 -(^^
4 i^jiiv j^ya ^frjjjalfLa ^Ijj ■ < U £ « 4 flUj 3juJL_>J1 <:! j mi^AJ p mi"m
. (4 ^H^Vl j^Vl ^j^Loj ciJjSLij
I m *^ Jjl mi "jj <g Mill (jjb) j h tj 3ji,r<4 4 Sjj) <ru tdJ j ^ j r jLiij
ancient ^ioJa *Ltb_a jljj 4ijLoJI ulj j^lUt ^>i^j Lajur. Feynman
^jJI J-q-jJI 4 S mi a ^joo ^Llj 4j1 ^ji^l LjajUc t( j2>jVl Ijjlj jiJa astronauts
»1 i>>ntl jljj (j\ (jr Ltj ^jl m*^ (jSLj ♦ Lc ^(j-tfu 4_3t-u» CjI—o'^ 4jjj 4-tln cA*-^
^iJJj I J— £j! ^j-J jJl ^jl ^ \ IJ 4JSL1j ijjIsjVl 2jbj ^JbjJJL_a_4U ^^-3 ^oJ fl a-,HL rift
ftuoj * jjl iljll . Cr JjJI jLiJLvVI 4 ilor ^ 4_£ji. m.U ^ UjLu I j) 1 Mt ^
^S^- <uf dJJj i^j mi J^jJ S 4 am f^JLI JLj-^Lllt I JJb fJj^eSu ^jLglL-a
4jjJ tjl <^>**iVLjj ttfjjna Jjllj ^1 m^jJj ^jJ ill ljufc JlLa ^jLj ^jjJo^j
4 '^>°lj 4-xailjJu ( ^ j)SLjLi T ^L&!^_jI ^Lb Lgf'caj . L^j ^ j n j f 4 t o i^t ^-J^l J mi!
.SUS^Vl 4aUVl VJ ^>JI J>U..( Y
4 i m jl- J La JJLiw ^J! j^ljJl ^ <->2\ ^pJij tfcLtU Lj<l mJI (y>
VI V 4-^^^il cHj ^jj V C>J^^ *^ V ^ «4-uLLiJ! 4 mi ,ojJLI»
j-tsl <U£L! idUaS' ^J^j .4J0I jJs^jjJJ bLua-oj *elitist Ljfc^j
c->Ijj (^Li m jl£aVl jjJLi^alj jlt^Jtl Liilj) ^jfcj ,4j^ Ai, ill >i ^" r VI
jLfllcVi 4 glVtt ^ Jul jJsIj-jj V ^1 (JjUl ^I^Ji StflLSLa 4 j «.ujLg-a
La 3jLc ^ylJI 4 In ,V>Vl tiULj ^ ^JLo ^Int H 4_j_JLjJI Jo^Jtlj <jJa
(jjln* *if ^jVjLsc-a <J£ j_* ^ "i .^j . <>Lj>i_> 4-JL>.|jl!I ^Jfej^cl mi a (^Jut-Iu
j^Jd (jJl (^jl Lc-d 1 fr L ci t Jl CiJj.il Jl^5 1 4 7) it nil ^jalSl^-lj ^Aj-cLcLa
jl3 1 0f<t i J_al£LIL> L^juajso 6^*^ ^ 4-j^> kill <jL J>5j ^pll SL^jLlII 5a_cLUI
(JjLoj i4 a 1 t,1 4-t£jj5>i mi! I V Vi f ill * L^jjuusIj 3Lj3^ £jq ^bL^lll Cj ^aj
j!) 4jailie-4 4^1j-<j-^cj La (j^V m. prejudices Cj!^_po ^ 4X0 4_c >a^e_4 ^alaJI
.^-tsejuaJI JjjjiaJI ( _ jy JJ LjJUujj-i <jV 4-iiLuL>. 4-juoj,3 jj3^oJ1
jjyjs 4 j 1 ii'^Ltlit Cjl MU*U /y 3 JLjJL«Jt (jt xJl*J\ i\t ill jl V . ^^.j^Lqj ^1 »"< a!
J i^'^Vlj^ S^jj^a jj 3j_ta^ 4 i mi) ^Lt^J iSj^" ^L^l£Lfl 3 d -a-T) (SjjjLJt^o 4_ilaj
jirtj V t JL>Jll ljub .^.jJll ^MUVL* ^Mxpl (L*_* tjL^^I
LaJUt-^ t<>\j^£l 3jl ^ mi ^^Ll l 'i j J ^ Jo-oLv ^JLu^ 4JL^->u 1j-aL» L^L>o
^cJbu (JLoI Oj uj.) ^X-j ^yic 4j] iL r uz.ju^ jjsA fjj* 4J Ljj i Jl>»j If l^ajjja j ,!>>>■
fjfji I Jlj>. 1 q\ ^cjusI^JI q[£ i \ JUJl_>o 4 mi <i < 4 mi^LJLI ^j-lo
5j-js tiUj j^^Ij VL Ijl^C (J r J - u - < " cr^" i4_l^ti]l cillj : JL^J .
( L )^aJjtU 4-uJojJl 4jjajjl^Vl ^ r ^ifcj *ckv^l 1 Jufe Lcv-T- (JjuJj -«l5L>^^
j-tc jj^ j j ii ^ jJlj t|*La-lAVl j-tj^ j JlSj ^t^^h. JL^ i4^j^aj^a 4 qtVi* ^_ 7 Jbj -
U _ ^JUJl ^1 4-4-^JLt jf - *Lai*J! Ajuoj ^1 4 m ii )1L> ji 4-JI 4 j MifTL 4<i j4 ^Ji
SLiaLI i— jglxulS (oIaJI
i^LlI! <■ A r.i SjJoj 4loj_aJLo Sj^jcaj L-iJlicj ^JLslU »1 o Ul l 4_}jJ U^i
jijJjLstj I a J *fr — J-J^l (jpl J^l j^jTu La jjfcj — a I t La 4jj-Laj 4_x_jui> ^Jbjl n V I
<jL> Jjj or ^y^-J Cjr li^ LuVj ,(j^>J*l 4ji]L ' I 1 1 jj M I ^ JlC (.-.m < <i j jm a*
^jJj i I Jul j mi j 11 pis t a ^jj 5 * j * 7> a 03^ 0^ ^ olSiU
:MjL£ ojlJIj £jjl^>»j I a.y <r * Lander jjuV <-kJJJtl 3jl_j_^ 3j j
pJl£. ^ *£>J^-UO Jjjt ^ dIjI L»£ p-ltjl OJLjUDJ i4jLlL_uJl 4-»!ll^Ull ^
4_j-qJ_C. t tl_Lx>. I ^^jja £jj * ^ J La t j \ "1 * 4jj Mi. ttl 4_!1_>JL) 4_i-oL_>J I < <MI
CjVjLr^o-3 . Cr cJj»JI i_3>L>jM JLxJLSj 7>Vc\j-a ^ JA^JI J4 <^> H *4 J < ((^
(jl jijJ (jja (4hi^,u i^i ) 3 jL>- ij^Sj Ju9 Uai*JI pJLc <>>^j
(jja 4j}L«3 l_jL*^J i ,Ufi~t ml La L$jl Jj) pJLJi IjLA ^IjJlji ^\ ^£lp
JjVl ^>UL3 .2Lj_^j_tJl LgLj_>. (jja 1 <jk^>L 1 ^ ... n'i
< 4JoL-u_u i^liJI ( nj ioj L<i mj t^j^SLlI «LLj_d3. L_al pJUJ! CjVjLst-a
.4j.^a.VuJI L-)jj^ £y* ^U^wVI pSJl
jl£oJ ^jl , A o jn^. L^j| ^yAfi. "l>JL I c-3^IL»j ^jJ!j i4_j 4_i^L>- «4 n j3^»
^ ^lujLJLI JM-i- * L^LAj^I LuSLcj 4 jit '°> 4ii L4J 4 jUtl (jl
^1 Ujiir hi Ij^af A alt ti p-taJLi ^JUlJ i^jJalli t_uL>Jl ^ ^LJlj L^JLq
oL^LcJ ju>.I j e-ijL^w (jr a L^j p t i>>j fvgJa t4 " mi ^ LLq ^jSL*j V 4^>.jj
ob^JaJtJl J£ IjJuiZLcul Jl^ ^LoLtJl (jl i«LoLc 4(^^1*3 « p U J 1 <tjLgj»
i^j t LjlS 4 3 j 3 "kJI 4-jj.ln i?T 3j jU^ll c_jj_j-*J1 (jru ^j-aj . I i ~ rv. 4jLLoJl
^ j-x. jt o jLuJL^i ^JLc LujjJa ^ jlc j^>J <reality-as-human-construct
ioUUutft jjJy ^UII Jt <ALH 84001 ^J-iill >yJI £*
^k:j i^Ljj-t^iJtj i molecular biology 4»Ju^>Jt I j j jllj * paleontology
Sj^p-« L^j^ ^Cj ijr ic i<£\j>yt.i*.,A (jl j^b (jitJjJLt ^juuM j_3e_>JI (j^ju-sxittj
JAI^ <G? ajLU ^jJi ^uLluVI <jr i*iLi <ljJtf Ju£ Jtjj V L$M VI t 4\Aii!
jL*^l ^ j>UJi j * ALH 84001 ^^-Jll >^>JI (> 2LU^I oLUuJl ^
Jjj-L ^Li3l J^l— >- £y* i 1 3 *i j o a! JUa jLj" J (j-fl JLjJ^JLt (jrysL-aJ
.SjLUj* Sjj-uaa ^-AJLM(jf ^ jJl 5 ahUl 4j£j£Luil!
^ j^t> c^JlIIj l£i>^ jj-LflJuMJ c-o-Lt-ait <, >totJl J!U SjjkUo Cib^j
^^SUj ^aJtj t 2L 1 j e j > U Sj.^ i ^ Tl ^ dtji^Jlt 4jjSfi u .mSLc, . ^ ^A^ fL*S\
OjLJl tijt>«il j-LaJU^M il»jJL>. CUpJ <Gf (JjJi JjJjJl oP 8 *1 '>> a
^jj .<Cbt-uo CjLuV ^j^T »1 flit) 4-touLJI CjVjL>JII ^Lu5 j-*t f\ La ^jLcjjj*
jL5 U_x» iSjujuc cjIjJ^J 4„i_2Li jjLJI (j:j>UI ^LsjuMJ 4 i ^L^.U SjlSVI
SUaiJ i_j$JL»'lS|«JjtJI
{j\ <Urt q ^jui-jJ <4 o jkr jLj! *J « *^JL*J! ^1 j^i IT
* JL>>* * i *t \ mi JJLoj (jf ^ fr Lr ui» Lr ic. Jj */> ^11 ^jtrt" mm V
4j j t m lJ L*£. i flViVj L_a^j_<a jjfcj t4j£j£ iu!l ^^1^. J Lo T i tj ^IaJI q\ j \ iV L>j
^JLaJI «j hi 4jsIj-j>. 4jI (^t a La 4 i^>^ <^ L$j ^ySL<u (^H-^ J^JaJI
Lu L^Jt^\S {j{JbaAxjuA 4-3 i j-j>JIj 4_uaJi]i (jV JaJLfl ^JLlII < I" V . Lb iUj
tjjjJI ^iljJjt 4 i m.;ILi Lot '.physical reality ^jUt j^I^JLj Ljj-^jc ^ < « « j
L ^ c_-4_ujj olj L$jf c?" 1 ^ J I i4l>aL£ j j r 4JLjJL>Jt <?JUt> (jl <jjJL*j
cLuSU -^p-aejo ^j-o 4 j i ntlL JjL^j (J? ^-LtU £>SLaJ * 4-i-QjfcVl
'-ul— >ll tjryjj ^^Ul ^Jl — *JJ j— J-^t ^jJi ti-^J 2 cr^b
4JjLt^ (j^j (jl (jSLcj U j'^j .^j^Vl ^LuiVL fT<dj ^jJI * ethereal ^Lx^jJI
.« comprehensible 4^4 (jSLcj)) t^UKJI ^jla
AlljU l_s}LlJwI theologians jriJj^A>Ut Jjl^ j ci^VS t ALH 84001
duL£ ^P-^ - ^»>it ^yi^ 3Lj^>. 4-J1 * "t ->>La ; jj-jS/l (jr -A 4_ujjlII
^UiJI ft Uk:
C i .njt j Mil l (jf ^jLoI ^ t< j^Al L^j»j-c ^ (j-°J^"
dim i IjJ-qco Ujjj ^jJ^LjtJ jJL±_J tLJ ni4 Mitl jkUfiliJl J^J-J* ujA* *(J^J^^
4-(-ojJucj JLcl rt" a iLj-i-uf j-Aj iCobb ^3 'Cr^J? ^ fri^j -ij-^-j
• «,3UJt ^ spatial ^ISLo jji 4^ L4J 4j^AJI jl [a ^] Ijuju ^j^-f
4 .j ^ .j uitl - 4jJ>j 3 M JL-Jl a "II <jLa t<j.Mi "U ^yfcMJI L^aLtxj <>a-J-b
^ 4_j«>>jl V 3Lj->. 3 j J j ji^ ^ 4-jj)t juxj Judeo-Christian
cjU^L>JLI ^ la_jjuc ^. tki) o^J\ <j\ ^universes ( )«jriJlLjtj|)> 4_d£
4 j n^Xt^W j ^j^JuLjlII tjLfl dUjtSj .0)1 ^*,^jjc4 j«n jit tjSUj V (jjlil
4jiJIj 3Ll>> c.ul£ (jy^->- iBLijv j^>>j i>l t7ij L»ja cjLj-t.ua ^ I ^jl^>.lj3 V
^Cj Cr^-J * J^LfuIl (^oju <jl 1 iui'j <?j j < ntilj ( V )(jj/JLall c-jLjSLH . 3Lo»JI
4 j Mitt — ^J^oil 4j1 y~t 1 uVi ^_u-a_aj 1 } 4 j itUjra nil 4JL1LIL Lu^jLst^a
(jlojVl J3_>- ^-^>*jI1 intU L^-Aj i jrU-t-u/L-o? jruJia ^^Jl 4-i c^jf MJI SLa-stil
^ SL-sJI (jrJj Sj-o-Vl 4j^j-*>J,i jhnj ->j^V| jl>JLI j&umjlaj i earth-centered
4 } , t j ; ILj .jliJI ^L ^ ti>-^f 2jjb^>. L^j! j^SUI ^ j-i-i ^1
L_ajjtj iLL-uaj j»^Sj Genesis ^>jj£iJI 4 <^ jlJa ( 2ilaJl ^juk ^ ^j^-u^-ifc^Ui
^ 4_-u^l jLjv>U 4j1 , „L£j .^jJvVl ^JIjjJI ^ CjJljw J? L ^L^j La
(ju/^j^L^ 4 n-Ajtj? ^ 4_iSLJjJjl£lj| 4 ,lm -LrCtt ^u-uL CJJLjtltl JL2 t
^jb L^jlSL-uj o^j^l ' j-u lU OjjfcMJI ^lc ^jJJj : de la Brosse
Cajj? jJj t4_jj-iuJI j-JjLi J-a lUfl*^ J^LjuLj (jjijuoll (-jLlSJLa . 4JUI 4 n\ ^ La
Jlo-I Jj t Lt-SLi^J >LJj 4 i huJLj dllii JlcJ c jl3 * ^rl^. SLxjk Jj-^J
. « JloIc! C«JL^ La^» jjjSLj ^Ja£.f 4UI jjb J jJiJ! 4juoM^j .4-LJ1 3jJ^ j-AliaA
5 A , ,.\ Atl ^jjjjjJlu (Murphy (^j^ua ^ ( rnU La! .4-CjJDjtt (J[j^>-? ^Jl j^.
^Lul pt^t a (jLa 4JLJL>. ^ .« L$J c-^LiLill JSLjJLj ^j-^Vl trjU^lit-UJ
u>^- Jj-*y * u^I Laj^>.j i-< I j| t LS-j>.V jjiijul 2L_j_2h.
r,r,^\ Ijl^J t>J <f>-ill uru3^}Ut ^1 5,,, ,.q;fU :Cobb
4_*LlIu La [^jl jrt>. iSjjLUI 4_ujjJI CjLv 7\1 til LftL«J t fll" V a
Jj->- ^yS j < i " 1 , 1 \1 VI 5 ^U;^ tj-^j t4_uLUI 4JLill I jjt Loj-JLj
^ * i ii 9 ju£. JIuujj i^Jju Jus Li* j-jjSLILs tJL>. ^5 cr^-J .4^j-^>JLI
/ys (jrU^L_JI CjLj—c ( j^J J— t»» lj p^>o VI <jh <i uiTI £jt t4 m
a JUfc JiLo > t iu,rn Ju3j . ^jJJ ^JUJl ^ Sj^jJLl CjI j-^>JLl ^>o j^l 5 1
Jal a t\\ i \ $ jlr dLuJI < ^ < « i ^j_^J 1 1 ^ o ^ ^jSLx-j 4 r j ^2>c oVjL>JLl
■O^O^'j dLua^JL jLSlLcVI j\j ,o "< i ill ^Lq io J^Li- ^jk* do^ n mil ^ys ^a"< *»JLl
4-1JI ^_u=tj tjlSL^ L^j (j:^-^! jj^^j SbUil 4^Jb t \-B^ Bruno >ij^j
<i it 4^-1 a 4_j_fl (J^i-su j»j-2lj L^jI , V n " <1 Q*tl£ t4jj_JtjJI c-<JtJ 1 o ^
ih^tl d^o-uJj) . 4_L1I 4 olSr 4 j U r <- >,t .<^> jl^ _ j^ijJi ^ - tlUli <j! piij
ula/.>]l J^Cx^lj Jl^j .(3 4_j > ui_ L Jl du^aA ^Juill c_jL^L!I
^jV Liiljj i hereSV «4-aLj^j|» 4-^_>l mft J<t ^. ^ ( ^ ) 4_i1d| j * j j "' 1 1
oljJLiJ 4 i n n \ jjJ-^uaj 4-Jj t i r> <"«^ -wlj Jl£ 4_j^_ji_Ji l^Lc^-caII
<ya^>JI ji.ii n"<llj ^ g - u i j La >>> n u!-^ 4 evangelical t^ik^Vlj
Jjl-B t^Jj.l in "lit ^_L3t_U-uJLl ^ JLlJUlJI 4_JU-ujjL»J ♦ 5 jL3t_lll CjbVflJI JjXu/jJ
^j^Ji ^ ^jVl VI yb La evolution jj>tv;fl <jl <j>b-^
4.jK ou-uj ^aj iMcArthur ^jjT llU J>^f 3L^v 4_> ^jd! ju_^jJI
4_ujJb5LII Lul J t a <jl» : Lujj <i 4jV^j Ljj^L^ LjL-o 4Jo Jl*o ^^fl jJu_uLa
^jji-l B^SLdja CjLuI^ (JJijJ ^>SLJ tSLpJl i^yA 4 Uj Mi l JK ntl J^>-JJ ^4uU
iSLujJk^LII 3 rtmlrtft dJL^J LaSjj . <(4jj. mi Jl Jjiai&I j! StjLuJtl ^Ju3 C:r lc
,4x.Luj Yi ^^ylc [^Ia Jf> t ^L! 4l^u ^ ^JLJI (3^^ 4ili
^ 4jjj) U"ll 4jjVl JaL_>o ^^Ic SjjLUl 4_uj^MJI 4jjl\) II (j 5 j.V 1 j Ju9
^ y ^3_>»^ Jl o *i *w| 1 rtln" <jJ <_p»J^ Lt^*- 4-j-a.TI £^aJ^/i <j^a
^-udj— « SjIjI (jyi^- J.a ,t J 4j| JJLjj t^jjjj jjij-i >U miJ *»■
(j^^i « (j^aJSj J ftJ 4jU jj * JiJI jjfc l£JU j ^)L ^ Lfljjj ♦ J 1 ^j^a jj U **< T I
Cj j mi ^ Jl5 l^j I qjXjlu\ (jJLc (j^jVl (^Ic <7<<i mm^I (^ylll oLjj <i ^itl
^ 4_uV! oljj-djJl jj-a jju£ JJL*J ni JL^jJLl till J SLtS j t 4ij|j L$jV
t Mckay ^^SLa jl_jJuj ^ Lo t i<r > j 1 " j ( s^i-^
4_ocJJI ^*Lal ^jl^-ju iHuntress, Jr. ^^Ha ^^jjj *Zare jlj jjLiljjj
lJlJIj jj^a Jljo-u Jjl (jl^ hjU^jJJ 4-Uj.ltJI 4_beJJI ^jx. 4n*ijiUj <>>nU 4^LjuaJI
^ <i $\\ *\ is>c.hl\ (j^Luu^j 4jVj ^j-j>j^SLJI j <>>f jjbj iHall J j-a
t , jJUl ALH 84001 <^>^l j^>Jl j-*ju (jLuLa j^JI il^UI ^
1 J * A <j£-<^ V J. \ t ,^ 4-LJJtil Cjlj) t Mill JJL-C ^jl (Jjjfe . 5 f.MI (J^J^L
tjuaSfl I jl^J ^^"iLfclLiil (jyS j . ^p/jLaJLl c_jLSJI <j!j^J Ln^j 4J
Ji^J© ^jJo ^jx. (^P-^ jl * Jj-^J 4j <tlr CjIj j 1 ri rti ^cjJuSj (jiL lj) < rial J-S g L»l - t t l
^ ^<uJl2 Jjpc^ >LaL^ ^JLJI jli^ Jl3 4UI (jl ^l^lsl J!La 4j^alJ
t>u 4-jj (.n "tt oJUb {jY} «4 y ^i<>j ^*lj-Jl]VI (^yi^- LlL_>J Luj tj^ *r t^tl £>i»L
• oj^W 4Mr,U J^L^JI jujJLl jl^j ^1 4_JLU!
cr^ ji^ cr^l 6^ >e-^ JJL£ - J J-^J u^- '££>^ cA^ 5 L_p* J J-^J
(-j^IjSLII J}L>> ^yA ^jjljI uJb 4 ^ j j iii ^j^>o Jj-=>- JJJLJ (j^aJI 4 Villi
J>** Ji^ lS^J <extrasolar ^ ,<■<» *> £jL>. <_£^£ Jjf <j! * 4ju^' fj^'
jut_ij . j-»>l^f ^ iSj^JaJI ojl^j < rtiV^I jl3 iPegasi 51 ^^Lt-u 51 f-atJdl
t4_uL«j J i njl J t'tn iVi^t t— «^ljSLH JJlc £dJji *4 t i i tlLIj
£jjq n r, Juuj * ^r L i- J - u ^'^ k . t (J^— >• 3 J tJI ^LojjI ^Ir. dJL^J_« Cjljl—il j jja
1 o i ii 3 jjl 4 t itia 3jj i^i 4Jo>>MIt dj^lal i \ 7\*°l TeJa 1 i nil jL^jt '^J ^
4_Bl_L^y Lj t( j n <i u JL 4 ^ j j mi H j»j^*Jj! Jjj>- jjju (^JlJ) c-«£ljS[J| <\\i<-\-r a fj\
t JL^ ^1 (jifi-J . 4_uLijJ 4j>ju3 ^pajVI Jjj^ <i1 II ^jjj
'J I ' " 4 i <r>L>> jrUfclj^jJI a y Jiij i2L5_jL_uJI J j 1 ^> n H 1 *tX^V L«^_^
3 l j*j_>.j 4 jlLft~i-^-l (jl i^Li' J-*- 1 cr^" ^ A ^ "* J> 4 3jl>*Ij i_dl_Lfc
(Jj3 £_u3jJI ^yJaj JUJU-saJl I Ju4> ^It^ ( LljcsIj (j-u-ij tdolj Jl3 4_ixbj I "V
>^ljt J>1»* J^-aj .cjVU^MJ LqIjjjlSj ^ tjSUj tSjLjju>Jt oL^Ll^Vi tilt
<jl l-olj ^rto ^iTL 4 ^ j i <H <j! ijr a 4 rtML Qj) j^ifltl j « f*<> t ^ ^Lc
(JjZ li^l q£- I ha, <j r.o J JO J dJLlfc (J-u-J-I ^jj i4_Jul_J L-^l \ $ I OJ^i
4_uj>.Lj ^jjoj .4_jLA!l »Uj 1 4 * a 4_JLiLLalll 4 i ui ^J-f ill
^jjfcj i4_aj_cjJU L-t^l ^£JI tfj-A ^jja (^1 i_at hi "< ^1 ^jjo Jl_^I ^jS^ <* Ij fj°> i^j^l
^iij ^^yi^. ^jSLI t4 itTK 1,1 4j)n"tl oLjj t mtl JN-^- /ys Lftj j i rt" <j^-*J 4 pj n
^1 Jjuo^Lli (j_xa 4-t^Luol 3j_Lx>. Jjri j'slrtti c-jj-S t(Jj-23 (JT lo_c ^L-tC <L>.ljl
. 4_1^ <j lJ? ^ 3j,, mi*U <a t 1 <^>jl 4_i£ jJI 3 \ y+, I I Li_ijJ iSLp^JI (j] ^ ^ (J_Jj
^ i^jJJ <jf ^j-xs Ju V i^jVl Sj^J^^Il (JiitiJ 4 3 j j nill L^j^JaJl (j!
3l_j->JI i^j—-*. \ JlSLwit ^Laejj ^yJJ i*-ijVL>JI ^l<i (^ ^jSLj (jl - o
(j^j-r^' J f ->JI (jl ^— (j^J . LxlLc j i f ^j^Vl ^tJI J-*-Ji (j^ Mi" ^ylll
V! i^II ^ 3Ll^ ^ jIdI^ JJj Jlc ^>L=ti V ALH 84001
<jL£ jj^Jl! ^jl JLq^L>. i 4_3c_ua J-ft-ajL) 4juJLaJI 4-LJtJ^JLl tr\W aJJt
^ idJJjl 4 ^ ^ C.1 A J .(^dUI ^ 31 j ^ILi 1 o t n o
(j! jJj L^jS ^& cj jl^ 3Lj_j>JI <jL ^jLo ^^ill 1^>;II
Jj_j>*j ^1 r J Ju jjjlj 4-4ju_aj ^UaJJt ^j-S pjjjl (j^j-^j-^ ijJLuk
4-iJL c^j^Jfi) . Ij^U VI j^laj V SLpJi (jL 4_1^L3JI 4_«J! ^jUa *3L^>JI
^j^o LfctL^v| c jJLl JjLstJ JLfliJ , t Ij-^JI L*jj-j-*j L7 -ti<^i ""1 tu i4_A_c^j_uaJ»JI
VJ c « 1*1 1 ^ Ijla t jSLl . panspermia J^LUI j>pJI jl ^ ,V< , „^L t juj^
3Lj_>JI (jL^ MjjLi (j^SLj JU9 31 j t II U rtll *j niitt (jl (_ylc. 4jI
_ »L U II ^ !r> t <o j l T < *J J . Q>^^ cr^ C?^i Q-^ ^ J „" " * ^ J? ^ ' ".' ^>
LaLxJ 3 >^.L^ 31 j.:*!! (j^-Vl JlSL*iVl (jf _ jj^g »^tl 4_uJLL 4_^L^VL
(jjSllojj .cosmic seeding ^^Jl j^IJI (j^ d>l mi'i cul^ ^
^Jj • SLpJI j^wj Jl V'^lj 4_j^u_4_jJI £jL>. (-^Ij^LlI (-flLful^l Jjjs
»pj)"»- ill orU 4jljjuLjJI CjLbL-JLi j ir JjloIjjJL) t^"<^aj t^yl^. JpL^
tCj L* < i " ,. ^U dJub JlL^Q -i>^J (jr^- l£>^ (J^ J ^ ^ L>"J t t^j-j^l 4_l3-Lj (j^o
CjLjj^J (j^o LqJ (jjS[jJ (^jSU (JtU-lIdjI V chtPb CjLu^ 4_djL_il! 4-!jVL3
J<j mil i« ljr ^JjX\ 4jw jJ 1 » J!La 4j^Lo 4Jji! La|j *4_OjJ3 djU^Jv^Loj
(J? (*^J Cr^-S *U[^Lc- <jj rtl^l 4 ttrta 2LJ_i 1 JiiXJ (jl ^° L$jl 4j^J
*j-aU (j^LcJ jlSiB *4_ul i>i Ml CjUIj-^VI <. <lr I (jr 5 43^ t7i a ^jl j t II jufcLii 4j!
Can! JL3 <— iblji^JI o Ju$3 <±j!jl>4 JjoLjuj La, l lr Lot JjLjlj q]
(j n n *( T I ^1 4 j mi iTLj 4_juajJu L^J^ ^oi^j '(J 1 ^ »L<i_lr {^jJ I Jlj^>- 4-3j^-*-a
3jlu-JI ^ ) c>u ^jLo , h J I . „j t Duck soup ».UMI »1 M< ^)> pi AMI
1 1 Jufc 4JI ^ (J^. L:r Ll «S tlljnr p? LjT t ... ; >Lj12 4 u*\\
jfij A (j^J t4-o_jJu>JI J^JflJ 4jV LllJ jj i( n^^II IjlA ^ J^Vl ^yk.
(j-uj-flJLo ^jLo J-jJ-i Lu jJ j-aIjJjj <jr i_>.j .llLjLj_c. (j, v ><-Vi jjl w * * 1 ■
j-tiiSLj LcLusI jiL^t ojSL> I < ^^-i _ 4j I ^Ul oljLjjJI dllj <±jjjl>.
.2Ll«^|j jfi^Vt dJJj 4^-L^>I, 4aJLpJI CjLjj 1^)11 (jiibjj tj! I'M* a _ 4J^_uJ
pJLt ^ ci^J 4JUJ1 jla ^ t UFOs 5 ^LkJI JLiL^L ^LlUI
4U n\ C-jlliS La Cy l£. J-o 1 tj Jj^SLll /ya (J^-S-l J^Lo! ^yS 3jj) U*i a CjljLt^x^w
<>a 3j j jiLlI jIjlcVI ^Li-uf L7 ixJ3 :4_L>LcJI CjIjJLuJI ^ <JlH*^I s^l^SJI
. 4jLpJt uJjJ 3j-?e_4 /y 3 L>"J *^ (^jJI
(^yfl ^Lua^oll 4_LjL$J| ^a^j*j>J! — 1 3\ j-nII -i^>-J Tfcj S^_u^ jjsI^o
3_}^wjJti lIUj ljL>- j i JU^j ^j^scJJi (jr\j Sjlj^jll CjL^L_JLI_3
IjLb .JjsVl (jrlc ^JjJllj o^j^l (Jrt-J ^-^1 <-"U < % ts^ fjj A a j-Lj i »i a
I JLoJL_u oljLua->Ji dJLA <j\ 4j^UI ^1 rt -nil (jLa t^LsLLJL (jl t 1 <i fa
J i4JL»Jl i>JLA . 4 j^l f (>MJI LTjIjLiVI j-j-C (jSUj (J^tl <*-n
(Jlj^J tPJi t J j t «s 4. t i ^ ljJJLI ^^j>Jl SjLj} JjL>o (jf 4jj^iii_JI ^^It
^po 4-U."i -x-A t2j|jLtil ^yjl (j^>- ^L->0 ri V> ^jjJ ^ tgj . f o Ml
^ ti^t-JI ^1 a \\y\\ ^^£- j-* i^W ry* 4 tU<> JLhi "i^l ^ 4JL^jJ! ^jl
jlj^o er^- **' a CjjL^ L*JJJ (4-Llju (j-\J^Li 4_jtjjf Jux CxJft^-Jj < j^>-T
< rtMl'^l ^,111 4JLJI ^Jb ^ j*Lc (jt j y L£ |j| L*J ijj jTjf.l (^jJl ^Jfc
Cj\ *f i »tl t-flVt juuj t^l <^vVi L^_i^SLJ LaLjLS_i SjjULo jy^ ) t M ^ro^Lo juuj
U£ iALH 84001 e^>^t >^->JI o\* ^^i^UJI <GL>btA 4J£ U^aj
La JjjL^ ^"i *w i4_ua£LJI Si j -kJI 5 , ^ a ^ , r- 4_*jIj 4JLvjj ^jj^Js Jjj Jl3 t J^ol
4-iJ& ^ rt'Ci <jJ (^IvJI C-JfiaJl Jria- j .r, .» La (jLcj^u tdi^Jl i U) 4_<3^ju
(jSUlLu/j Jj *4j L^-iitJ <jt Cr iej j) JLI ^j^uJI j^fcjsedj <j£*J La ciJIjjL
jUaljl ^ JJjLllt IjLA JIjJ Va .^mi .4- Mill ^UaJLll ^ 31 j >J1 jjJojj
^J^L^ g&j <i i ill mi . 3L_>J I 4 rtj (J^-lIu LlJ ^ qui" in (jjUJI
. ^SLaLaf ^^3uLa ^£ Lg-Lo ^ rt mII ^J^>Jl Lot i4JLx^JI ^j^a
J\ o* u-°J^' c^" 1 i L7^ iI ' ^a^' i' *■ Meteorite ( \ )
.^j^Il _ >LoL£ IjJUJ JJLUJ
cjlj oijjdl jjui <ya ^Lilj L> ^U3 «!» :Jjl .n'tTI :J>L^ t Decay (Y)
.j*JI SjjJI JM-Jtjl «o» .dsl .Mi.<Il 4_j_cLji_iij SjLxi ^ya „> Jol .MijtH
.^^oll _ (Lt ^ roi ^I^J^jUil JlojijujUi iPound (T)
. National Aeronautics and Space Administration : NASA ( I )
.American Association for the Advancement of Science : AAAS (o)
^3 i^All /\ i3 j nj a^Jl 4J3j-*il J) J^-Slj 4o^jSLoJl : Skepticism
^jj^ili uiJj-^j ( (m~l J ^rt ) oL*L- JjLS :Carl Sagan (V)
i(ATP) L_il ri i nj^LlI ^jLx! ^j^jj jVI jl t Jn*Cj^lal J_oJ3 iL^jjSu CjLIjlj
^IxjI Lhjj i4_j_aJl CjLuISJI ^j-»->- 4_aLlaJi (jj^-itl! (^-i^Lt-ul
oJu!t /j] J a l io * JLc- < Iq 1 1 ,>> Clxi 4_usjLua3 Cjbv^a UV 4 ; l».«.<i til
frlj^'^ij 4 j It Mitt £-ja^m (jbwLuo JL3j <£>jJt\Aal\ allA J)j at-',} ^afvj
.(0*^1 - l$>».V1 v^I^SJI ^o>T 4^L^SJt
4-a_*i*JI cj^/LSil ^LubJJ ^ ((< S a£jt-UI) t >LajJI Aj^t^ .peer- re vie w (A)
.^wj^II _ l^oB SjjIjJI CjULuJI istuaj 4_*£>JU 4_lUjl]1 di>L>JU ^ j -V^
oIjjLjJII ^ 4jjl n J1 ^jLir 7 2UL^ja ojL^j _ jL^tLAJI .Blank (*\)
^jJa 4 1m o (jx. t M"Vi e^ajj-* - 4-LuLu=JI 4_laJ1 '.Control group ( ^ * )
t_iLi: jf <_>^J11 ^_jLA ^ (oVL>Jt (Jj^ gJUXI Jj>iJl) i^ijjJl
. _ L^-jLu ^jjLdJLl #.Ijl^Li ^-i ^ i-aJ _ ^ ni-^ Jl tjjJiJl (JiLa
t 4_JI ^j—aJlj i^jVl (UjjI <jj mi "n J>U ij^jJlSa Tectonic (U )
L^jlitj) .£_JJ . . . i^j-Je-uo j_1j9 jl 3jL_?e_>. 5 1" < * ^ I tDebris ( ^ Y)
LjLLj :(j_xj3Lxi j_*j>J1j) n '.Fossil evidence p Y)
.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PAHs (U)
*Li±j 5 1,^" U »H e-i^ a" miVI i.Metabolism p o)
Lfci ^pJl j i2il»JI Lj>L>J1 ^ <jj\vfi&\\ djI^oiHl :4^oUtjj . Uj^L^jjjj-Ji
.^^lil _ jj^Vl jujl^JI ,.u,„<i tMagnetite (11)
^ JJjJI 4_*LsL> tjrj-Sjj-iJt ^IjJI :oLiiiVI tBurden of proof (W)
t (mOAo^^L^^ yjLSj<.n .U .Jjjjo^j-^ iA - c - Dol y e ( u )
Jj .d—uJiVl 4 j it>ljJL I^jJ^Jjj t 1 V Y ^Lx j-j-^-u i^jJal ^ Jin
cj^p. J^L>. LlSjj^I (-jjojcj 4_u|jL_JLI miU JL>*I ^ 4_u_LaJI <GLijJw
J
3 jjiinll 3j1jmiI1 t -^^' t>° : >£J^' i' t.^j^Jt i Asteroid (U)
LT k. (^La (jr <i_oi Jl^j ^jsi L-JjJLl tHalley's comet ( Y * )
t (WiY.Uol) jljj^jI ^Lk^l oLj-jloLj^JI ^Lcj ^.Utl ^1
3jj_uo ^ LaJLc. j ,\ j I -*JI fjja 4-Lo /V0 (j^<"n LaJ_u i4_ij jl ^jj^ie-uaJI
^Lt CjU jL-afl dljj ^jjj _ WOA ^LtJ! ^ <U-lJ 4_»lc S^jJ.'
.^joli -HAYj , \ VV t \oU cjIjuLJI ^ 4ltww>La ^jJlj-WiY
^ — ^JLcj astronomy cdliJI ( < 1 _1^ ^ — ^ t Zodiac (Y\ )
4_aUu_A jl-jj^j ^gji g ,oJt ^ l>*Jt tdJj *£i>-P' * astrology
.ecliptic .<<i j.tl j, \ ,„t, ^jfcLlaJI 3 j^IjJI ^^Lv. ^ J£ oL^jj ^
^IjjVlt^lolerl! IjJ^j .fel SLj^ ^M-c U^^^^jj
jt ( «cjLilj_pJ1 ji Zodiakos kyklos ^! cLaj-SJI Jyj^y 1 a ±\c
J^l\ zodiac 4 t^T r, 1 ^ iaj ^Sj^-LjL^ti cjUIj 1 ^Jl) ta zodia
tJ Utj .SJujVl 4JI Jrra t^J ^ Jlj-^-u 0^ *2LlLUI L^^J^jil ^ (YY)
L^Ljj J^j! ^jJt Shamash J^J^ <J)M <j_>i ybj tfrlj^a- «^tlj *ujj-j>J1j
4 " a j'^ij ^j-^JI <J) >* *4 \ Ljus ; .jljiA\ t Ares (YV)
dLbl ^jLaj (jl^ Uf> t 4_i^.Lli1 4^JI t Eris (j-^>jj 41^! 4j&jUj ^ ^pJI
4_^JJ ( Enyo 4_3Lt^)?Li iPhobos ^^jj^j Deimos
j^jf (jja jL^ .*_jj^>JI aJJ ^ i4_ijL<i^pt L^-^J^JlJII ^ i^jL* tMars (Yi)
^ojjJI 4jj (j-ujU ^Laipl jtjjLlit JjIj! c> .SjLfuC U^lj 4_4J^1
j 1 11 rtj Jia Lc_4 ^Liajt ^^djMJ L^JJ ^jL^ L<jJ^ i^^l j t 4 * j iUU jLajjIj
Jupiter t>jl >aj .fc-jjjJI 4JJ ^3 t cjjJLl 4JI juu 4j^>o
<j£ ^ 1 jiajj t Remus o^s^ijj Romulus u^^J^jj jJIjj Juno
tcr jL»j^J! ^i> Mill ^LaiLj tL^JJ 4_ojJ. jr^-Jjjia^^t Jri m .njJLt ^JlA JlJtj
o^j ;4_iJiLjj_JL) t-.tr.jJ! Phobos u+*£3 i4 r J > > ^' <J] u-"^^ U-a (^°)
oL\ £&\ <jL£ <4_uLj^-JLj l_sjJ«JI 4^_uji ^puuj tDeimos ^j^uj 4jLuLi
,^>-^Ut _ Liu! t-j^sJI ^ya
.^^ILI _ (ja.jju^Jt ju£. LUJI Cjji^SJl 4-liL jl jjal jlvI : ct *a>j '.Brahmin (Yl)
<Jdj J^fc-tf ^Oj-.^tH. G. Wells (YV)
<Lj!jj 4_jL>L& ^^-tif (>aj t u ol til JL_»JI jijj ^y-A j t ~i tj i^jjl^'ij
^ILaj ^j-^j **-ul£j t Jla-a *(^Ao_> M o) jjj (j>^jjl '.Orson Welles (YA)
Citizen Kane ^1^11 » 4 * 1,. ^ j .»j (cr SLr^l ^Ijjj ^1 o i j r»
^ ^.-^ n ^ :cjLu^iJI ^ok: j-aj * l_j_^^J^j^SJL) ^LJI :Cosmologist )
.^_>.^jJLt _ 4 i < al^JJ 0j-iu2> Lix.J 4_aL*J! 4~u mj q^SJI (JjuoI
Ij itJaA in a <Ji .^.iC* j I ^LiSl : Serendipitous (Y)
4J3.1l ^ a SjL^JI jt 4 ,,i jrtiH frl j-u>Vi l^I m."<I 4_ubj^8 : serendipity
4. .;ltl yjl ^vLL^VI IJla Jio j 3 j l J J ^J\ ^hjlj i_JUVLi i Blitz (T)
^.L»Ji 4 nUL>- cLcj-tuj Lijjjl ^UjLtJt LuUU ot^fl Cjj-c Ujuuc 4j^_JjKj^M
«<3^— y>- >■» Lj_3j-jv j? t4 j,UL>JI i_jjl_>J1 ^u-uL> L_flj-c Lo jlA
*^>Ut _ Blitzkrieg
4jujf : apocrypha iUj^^jVLj 4_£>Lc j!> (> ) i^jLIi^Sjj? : Apocryphal (1)
. ^jwjjH _ (jryaJJII "jji ^jJ] t^Jju (j^a j^Jj j mi 4- ^ us
.i-il^Vl Sjl^UII oLV^JL JuL>Jt ^jJi fLu! jl^i «l» :^SLjLJ1 : Yankees (o)
Jl^I t^jj^aVl «^» .4_ ! SL) > ^^1 Jl o Alt CLiLVj ^ 4jVj ^Lul Jl^I «u»
.^^! _ 4X^Vl Sjl*oJU oL^i ^1
^Lill ^-Li-^s oLuujiJ 4jb^^_>i Jji :Quadrantid ("\)
.Brucalassi ^VLSj^ >-uj_il JUajVt ^£1^1 ^^AYo ^Lu
^ j^j-i ^jJlj Quadrans Muralis aj^Ijl^JI a j «j jJ1 ^ a . . n
pLilll 4_L_aj <j— litdC ^iLJl (j^-3Jl ^ d ^ j ,U I t 4 j<1 All ^^JLIoSM
.(Bootes *LUI ^ij) ^l^jJI .Hercules (^1 ^UJl JLSjS
.^j^ll _ (Draco) jrultt
IjJ^j * j^LUVI 4-o^_lJI cj^jIjJI >^-it ^jL^^-iJI juu :Perseid (V)
3lj_$Jl 1 a j /ti\ no ^ylJl <__^_jj*l 4_uJLc. J^4J j (3 * (( nj i^ill Jj-a^ djj^iiJ
4_ijJ j-i i\t ^jJI ^JjULUl Jjf -IjJUJ 'Hntl ^JLl ^ jrt m ViU j-^c, <j^J
^ 5 j^i^ j-a 4_J| o j Li! U£ . j>L}^i] T"\ j*Lc 4j;,j.,a.U cjLL£JI
^ _ A <jj^l J^*- <J ' i AojLLiJlj 4 j Minli mil
^ iJLJtj cA-^ Jj'j ->>»j ^Vo f^ 1 c^ 3 j^ 5 Quetelet 4 jlj " j<
(Perseus ^jl^Ja) jLl^JI 4_±£^ ^ ^*Lc J£ ^ u „U,..r I
jl-l^VI j>9 ^iijj dj^LjIjJi ^ >j .oVl juu :Leonid (A)
J>L>- JjI^JI Ijla ^ < mi tl (j^Ujj (JH-jil Ua ^ 3 (Leo)
Jjt jL_3 o^-*^ * ... a ^Y•_Uo■^) ^j^ij ^jjjj cj^j^j -.Peary (^)
.^jlll _ 4_iaiilH jLLULl
c-^l f^JA 4_^Li.j) ju^I j JjLLd ^ O-u : JiilJI ; Bungalow ( \ * )
.^j^Xt _ jLiil ^ olfcp- : ^^>J' : Shrew-like )
.^^lil _ *Lo*Vl :Paleobiology p Y)
L$J ^UiVl lMj-^I >»f : ^ii* :lJ, : Weathering pt)
jUll j^-rr 4-ij-Ul JL»o :4—loL^j tl m> jf L$-j_j_£p ^ j|
*\ Ur cjjL^ j a J t y 4_ o-a : 3 j ^.ft a 4-q <> :Nunataks (U)
^USU (Jx9jJI ^jJI < n^yi «U : Lalji-^j^JaJLt jLlU -.Topographical p o)
J^S— *JlJj) ^ils] jt ^UUSjjL d J ... tl CjL_4_ioJl «<_»» ■ 3 j ■» U , ,.tl 1 j"l ^ ,..1 jl
<r> ^Jl o^j-^ tiiliil ^ :4 j<UH eL) t n\\ : Astrophysics (H)
. ^>.jJlll _ 4jjLa_tujJ( ^.tj^w^iJ ^jjlj^aJ! jJs tj)tr>1 1 j
4_ljv^Jj_iJ1 jl 4 j» jiWill j-fcl^loJl r_yi oj3-us jl 4_ili :4lJl"i ni-wll : Gestalt ( W)
*I>$J! ^ Oj^J *- 36 J 1 j- 1 ' (wxt ^jLt ^ .n'.r i^j^y^l : Argon (\A)
l_*jjUV1j 4jjU^SLII ^uLuaJLl d,JJl 4_t^Litj J^jjlLcuJJ 4_ul^jJI CjIjU-JI
j<«a-«.» ju-ij ^ ^Lg (Juiu^l : ju^j ;Rosetta Stone (U)
( J>. i>J -Lc J-C-Luu Lo» i<~\\,\ 4 jnjlf j^-l^JIj 4_ijlj^-JL) 4jjljl>i Lijjij (J^rt-i
(^y-uajj—ttJI CjUj^^U (jcJLcj ^^JlUIj J^jJJU ^$JU £jr Lc 3^_L -^Vl 0JlA> JJ-^J
^ tJi^U-JJ p >'r*~ 4 j o I r 5 M< M,j-a : Smithsonian Institution ( Y • )
(ULjlJI Jjj-CJJ )Ai"\ ^Lc 4 r„ C.^i .Vil JLflj *4_wJ£, CjIj." V^aj <_7^
4_^31l ^.juj t (UY^ _ Wlo) Smithson qj,,, m^,,, Jtl .u> ^Ua^l
ct*., 11 j! j 4 -Ul Jl * « " , J ;4jjL^V1 j! j 1 j r " ... Vi : Microscopy ( 1 )
Uj-S-.o *^JL*JI 4. jlirtiH cjL^JJI j-, <1 ^ -.Exxon (T)
Manned Spaceflight Center (T)
( 1 MV_\ <U V) ^ JL^ oj^- tA>-Vl ^-oSjJI ^ I ^ «n 1 ^Lc ^ ^ ( i )
j-xi_dJl Ji s-LuaJs jljj l^nd LT lc 4_uLua3 J^jIj « 5 CjLjVjJI
i^lV jjlj^ <jr* jljj l^Zm Jfi, J*^sj JLl! jli^il Cj>1^-j Jjl (jllaJj
jljj jlJLsj tCjl, ujj-HI #.Lijt Ja <_ < Cu (jj^-js^ u < i mi 1 1_ ■ 1 I <lL>-jJI
(j-a 4_jjLui^ i-i^^a drtllnl t ^ MV j^o^j . OJjL>Jl ^ ^jLj_>.
St jtjj jjj^ ^j-o (jb^xl (jLlL>.j (_>tt _>.j ulU Jl£j t jljj ^jj J-Ui^' jl>^
£>Lj L^^ji^UiJ >VlA/\*/U ^Tr.Slhil ^
jjt (Jj-3 j » till (J^-x CjjIjj A yLI^jl C<nllg>l t \ MA ^„L<n.it.O * <^'^-^ -^JL)
j]t 4 nil CjL^jJLI Jj! .^^L-uj (jlajVl Jj -lj-*3
J^j ^M^/V/U ^jj r,5lUf Jjtj *U ^U^jI ^ j-xUJI (jJc Jaj-^Jt Ja
(mVW u L^.-.alU'it) ^ ^1 <^>J lOJ jSj ( *U^ jIjj2g>C l^ju-
j_«^J! (JJ Jj-J-OjJl (j^ O Imi'^ JL-i_3 )X ^iJ^jl Lot * j Q 7t]\ Jj Jj_^3^Jl ^
q.-.^lUt) W jU^jI 4_^jII c^L^j ^ a Ml JI Wj Hj \0jU ^LJjj!
ni c^Uj tJ o (Jl i-iSL^a! LuLaj ^Ujj-i-T (jA(UVY/U/V
. ^SJV j pJ 1 l _ 4_iitjjJLl jjit-uaJI Lalj_>-j^Li^
tjt (>» 4J<a" ^-j-j J! j j t liL^i -.J^jlJI t-dj-jJI : Micrometeorite (o)
t^j cv-i^ L^-oJj-iJt L^k>^' ^ ^ Y *- l^ 9 -Electron microscope (1)
LjuJa Lhjl nf I (jSUj cjljjLpSJ^U 4_uiLtJJI f»3-»JI J\ de Borgile J^vj^j
^ (j^jL^o ^j^-jSLIJ Jjl tilt ^j— >• . * j—iiaJt ^1 > m i <y3 4 lj " < a
^j^c 4_aj_>. 4_j>.jj 4jV ^i_cuVl 1 JL-4J ^ <i i .« JUSj tc jJ j ->. M « JI tjj-SJi oLjJLuMj
4 t MiVl 4->a^_ih. ^jjuauj . 4jjjJI L:r l\ f.^ {jA Let % -ui (JjijJj CjUjjJISLJVI
a JJJj tungsten JL^u ^JUI ^ oLUi 4_L^J^j a — iijj — sSLIVl
4jIjU m.I J>IaJ IjLA CjLjjj> "*s IV I t iii J^o>J tdllj JUuj . CjUjijJISU^U
. jj^ r^ajl j_>- 1 <u ^Uajj 1 4.n t.) I <L2jX-j (OLcoJUlJI ^jusj t _ 7 HJIj i j I
* vacuum *I>^JI ^ oUj^JSJVI £L«_<i j-<u <jt ^jjJLSJVI j_$jJLI J_<t*J
Oj>J *I^JI ^ 4jjjl> CjUI ,.M.a ^1 Jl SmVI CjUj^^J^U ^ '-'J-^
4 In i ill ^.I^JI t j-* 4. iij-oj 4jl . uVI £>dJ^ < jllutil ^j_>Jl JcuuiiaJI
j q y \ I Cix" 4_j_>JI CjLLuuJI (jTX- ft ^jS-^ ^iDjJj . 4_uoL_>- CjLV iri a
^Ul ^jjJiSL])/! j ^ ^11 j ^tnj : Scanning Electron Microscope: SEM (V)
*1,„>SU c^l j^j^laJl jt i^tkJ! c_^>UI
t^-oi-Cj jl ^J- 5 *— ^1 - ^jLj jj ^-'iCt yi j^j^a (jJLLaJLj ^ jjl _ ^j—iiaJI
V> . >• _ 4j^_jL1IIj 3j-jLlUI _ CjUji^_jSJV1 (_ya ijl—C^j CiA iJLrg .4'u tJI
.2J ^jtlu 5pLuI1 olij^lSJVLa i^LiJI detector <Li*iL£ ^ JSUj -5^ .tl
4_djl_5 4_ujj-jSJ] ^^-lc Jj_ua_>JI 4j^jLUI oLk^-jSJVI ^jLjljuI je_ljjj
^j^pU^I ^>JLl ^jLit^uj : Transmission Electron Microscope: TEM (A)
.CjIjj^-jSJVI (jja ^1 i .iii j..i-£^Jj ^-i i > lCjI— uj JljlO t. ^*UaJj
(JLc Sj^^Ll 4.m *M Jj-aj JjJ 4_jLj_jJI 4_^JUlH j-^C CjUj^jSJVI
UJUL0I94JI
.^^Ul _ a^lJ) Cn*JL> 4£tjj| ^j^Lcj JSLi J! ^j^^uyi Sj^uaJl
J£ jirt "lij *3jjL» l g d-V jC *n ^ 4jpb 4£L*_£ Oreo cookie (^)
Sj-*D m.jUUUI fL*_HV1 tj ^ : "< i .*:■"< > :Magnetotactic bacteria {\ * )
^ L^Jj-c jl3j .Blakemore jjl m."jj ^ju J*. \ Wo ^Lt J/VI
< rttnr^ > "t _ (^JUJLjv j-4>j -(feirite) C^J^-iM mi y ^yi *\ ni\n>
4->-jj t^La- Jl i H 4_uJojVl 3j£JI ' ^jSj . ^ 1 11 jULutJ.1 JLfcjjJLI La5j Lulu
^ I ^!i.,M-u ^jj^Jua ^.-.jT-j^Jtj c-j^JI ^ L; j ";<■■ IT magnetosomes
.^^Ul _ Ifi ^ oJLiJI L^ljfir.M jt'KW :Uj3 :Doubting Thomas (U )
^LLuaU ijU: ^Ai, (>o : 4tUrtTI : Masterpiece p Y)
t«4 ti i^H f^A p\ «-<"> 4__uP ^JLuaJI 4 jl frl JjJju^ (^U.n^Jl ^j^— alt
^ „ l»
.^^lil _ ^^Vl jljiaJI (jju* jt irtr ^jl :43jIaJ1 (iirtUI i4juljJ1
JUt^a ^ \$ t.<Xj ju£. SjLfl ^4 fuljJI u .,jULUi,l : Permanent-magnets (^Y)
j^Joj Jj n < 1 u J ^fl t_£j L-oLn. 1j 1 n.iIr>Llt-a VL*j3 j jl^" ^ ^jii ^ . - j Ul «
^ tj, o "i 1 11 juJl>J1 u i,i jULulU JL*Jlt o^i9 *(il>^V) ^jk^ULlUI jIjJLI
.^j^lt - ...4 Uit^l ] JjJ^j jL?e_fl ^ L*jjj>.j jl 3j|^>Jt JiLa)
Upl cu> d^Utj^ ( 3jL>JI oLJLLj (Jl^* ; hydrothermal p i)
^1 4_^L_^ j j r ^ 3L_j_>JI j^ic jjL_^ i^Ij-a V : Anaerobic po)
. California Institute for Technology: CIT ( n )
Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation: (W)
.^^1 _ 4lULl £Lui)H CjUojLj *j^aJ1 pjV ,>T> ; LASER
. Laser ionization mass spectrometry ( > A)
ajl- ^ : 4 1m Jl (sabbatical year) iJ^Vl -.Sabbatical (\\)
jl ii^jJt *4 mi ^jL^j 3^ .(jJI ...4 «. aL> <^a jl " >.,^) 3^L^
.^^ill _ (sabbatical leave L^j! ^juj) cii^tJI
. Interplanetary dust particles ( Y * )
^ ^ " , a\ CjLLx£. :3jL&LjJi y 4Jgj 11 cjUjjJI : Control samples (Y^ )
, ^v^lll _ m£^>-I Cjljlpcrwl ^jiuj 4jc-uo ^j- 4 -J^UlU <bj^>o
Sj._t^jJI i^jjtii! ^j_^>Jt cj! j >^> V m, ^ : Mickey, Minnie & Goofy (Y Y)
.^.^ili _ ^ lJJi (j^a : Microsecond (Yt)
.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; PAHs (Yi)
J& ^jjju t (\AVA- UY<\) ^Ui ^L*j£ :Friedrich Kekuld(Yo)
.^v^lll _ siLixmSLLI 4jjJl>JI t*> ill ^-"-^
t p W _ ^AY^) ^jLu^ 4jurtf j 4 imrt'i ^1 j^l <.m i.U :Segmund Freud (Y*\)
.^>UI _ psychoanalysis ^.^ill JoLeill iSj^b
.National Academy of Sciences (YV)
iJ^Utjj '.^jj-aj dj) '"^j *■ j « ^lmn ^Michelson-Morley experiment (YA)
Juminiferous ether ^i>>ll >aj^b iijLLa <ji»j^M ^cj-«. ' * l .v.c v
n't ttj jM . lj mi j « ^ju j^jJlc ^ AA ^ ^U. (jrJ^j ^ ij^3^ 3^_JLJ <L>j_*Ji]1
J 3" <JJ .5j, Jr'JJ CjLjV^JI ^ Crbj-^J OJ? '"If '"J a i^Jy (jfl^- ^ AAV ^Lc
interferometerjj^-iLu^ (JiJoUl ^Ul*) JL^jlo ^1 jl^J *\ ^Vl
J^Jo jujLjtll ^j_uaJi JiljJdl j-aI^Io ^a-j-'i mi" 3bi jjk^ iMichelson's
(Ly jwLi^^1 jt j-iLJLt r - ._ u ^| ejLc) : Re-direct examination p)
Luaj ■ ^ ^ J **U V <j'V> m l ^jJI (j^jt-jJI J_i_3 V ujIj t -" f n i
. j^jmII _ J^g Milt l SjLcI jlIc j^>sL) (3i* \*
JaJa jjja ^Ij-jt-i^J \ j 3 All 5 A a t;* SjLcj : Re-cross examination (T)
jjjuLj (JIjlIj Ludj-ux>-j i^^jJI ^ J^mi" «,J (j; jJl JfcJj-dJ! f
:U1 j? ojJI ji ^Sil) :Rebuttal (V)
tpy* m^Vl niU ^ji^Ul i^^i^jsJl iUjJl t Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA (i)
^ cjjj ^>SJ .Ul\ ^Lc Sj-^j JjV LuJl t rt mi " ^1 .4 iUII ^ j^-jj
LjjJt p In" n .4_J_>Jt ^^i-lj . LiJlU jjjj^-Lx-^ Vi^P (JJ mjUIj
jJ^Jto LT^i iCjLa^u^oj^-SJI ^ <i 1 11 j L)jJL_ljjj^jJi 4jLi_j^ CjI i^j-a j^Js
. ^.jUll _ C ^jjj j."iLLu \ \$ G ^ruljj>Jlj T ^c-lJ 1 j A (jjUjj^l ^fjfc
.Electron microphotographs (0)
quadraginta 4 uj">UI 0-° 4_*KJI J- 1 - 3 ') ^ '^H >^-^ : Quarantine ("\)
I4 j- t Tu "< ij J^LaLLa ^^yj 4_-oLaJl ^_i-l^jJJ jL^I^l im7 -&J l, .[<jr^JUj\ Ly ,i,t.<u
. i^j>-j~lX\ _ 4 j ^ 1 n7JI cj^ L>- \ '1 a>
1 j -w^J^-J^j^ILi 4_^>L_ii t K ,Vt (Lr j^jJ^_3jj__a : Morphological (V)
JSLi ^ i-.-ar n tLp^Vl ^<d£. ^ ^3 - J< , L ,rA\ fit. (morphology)
.^u>-jJH _ Lgjjjbj CjIjLxIIIj CjLj! ^jj>JI
>?>.jzl\ -cr^l ^j>UI tUjJI -.Ribonucleic Acid; RNA
^ajJI o^jf f-x-St >*j V «&J1 j usl_*JI J i q L-4 : Precambrian ( > * )
1 4_JJJL 4_^UJI ^>2J! juJj3 4,Uir gi cjtjjL_SULt u q , ,m -.Mitochondria (U )
UjlII L^Jj '^JUJLj 4^LLaJI j-bjlj , ,n nil CjljUf ylr! 4jjj_, M Ur ^
o\jj ^3 CjLaj^o^j^SJt jtjSj ^jJl tiilj J.rt" . nil J ^LpJI DNA
<j_4 CjLo-a (jLc 4jjLtJl 5_oi>Jt (^^1_>uj 'Lh^ in it 4 nit * Lr _4j *4_JL>J1
J n "i n ^LULjj t^jJli (jlj) j *»Jlj 4 < >n fr-jJl <>« oijJUalll £-«Jo V ^^-i-Vl
monomers Jj^tj^ ^ <jjSua SjjulU oi^-uj ^ oL^yLu^l -.Epoxy p Y)
. J-o-uuSjjjVt (J, 4. i-g") <LuMj <j£L*i ^^jjVI 4_C ^_-a_3c_a 1 ^jfl JLitlu
i^jjj M.tU ij^-oJl JjIjI epoxy resins ^...^.jyi oL*Jj1j J^>l j>juj
(jylc Jj^iJ ijj ^jjj£Lo ^LjSuj-«Vl (.il-i.lt.tJ^LJi 4jcLu-3 L nA 't$a Jjuajx (ir^-w
t,JI>>. 6^dL> ^jJt O o ,„lntl u^MI J'Lol Juxl :^ijC>Jl tStoic (W)
, _ Liajt (jriJUJ . Sj-ALill
v4 l ^ ^ (jp-Ji-lj ,o Lj-. . L"i<o > I1 4li_^x3 /ya Lj j "<.; ^...0. : coxiella £)
^jjl C!r Slj^_^Vi ^^v jJ^-jj. - (> *\ * V c jJj) jJtj—xfc
JLvl C.I m"^ t<^>- J-^ i ' " 6 U^-jj L^-*^ ^3 Jj^ t< n ' rt j
* ^jajk cjjjl^ ^ys _ C. burnetti 4 jl/tj^Jt 5lj , ..<T^SJI >aj - L^ci^j!
SpJa ^JLuj (Ll>.jJ^_ij LwM^ <t a\ t^.* . ,. y jL*i^t llILiaj i^l^JI ^jJo ^jx.
4j^juaj <L_^jJjfe £_xa tljjjLji L-3j_cj iL-uajLi J-.'-^J ( 3jtj_j>Jt
(jJJ (j-a <_JLi)t ^ u n i^jj <_j\ iL^lJIj 5 j t o r » j
£y) JLijj ^ jX\ OjJZ^ ^j-fl j m nj 4jj_j_j>JI obi ir>lL £^<Ljl1I />£J r^^Lc:
3 jM j <tj<tl fl-jH t^Vl <_j>La1^VI -.Metabolism (\o)
<_aLL]1 j-sfi ij^Jl ^KJI ^ 3jj nia S-iU- J£ Ji-1j ^pJI
j j a ij tlV.AA (^yij^Jl 4j)jj *YY ^jjJt 4_c_aj ig^JGa ^ : Titanium (H)
^UVl ^Lj_*jSLI1 4 n.V^I ^j-cJ! 4_JL*_J1 CjI ^LUI frlj^-l (>i*J ^1u3 ^
-ojJI : Straw person (W)
cjLu^JII ^ < nii^ jlj-ai o^ 3 Li' Jujl>^' jT jujjj jK^ill : nucleotide (t )
cjLjuj^JI 4ucj_«l^ ^ jj^a ^1 jjb ori^aVl ^ia^JI : Amino acid (Y)
k^jM^Aj (-NH2) 4jJL£.Lfl >Lj-«t ^ ^3^3 ^1 4jj) »!1
gj jaJI 5U? i A ciiH
^-L.ajw 3 jJ. I 1^ uni t ^j-Aj tCjLLujj^jJt jJjJUcj 4_lL*c
£-4 L^JjLD fJ-Uj i2bjJ^_xiJI 4 JM aVI ^Lj^VL) ^ ml jjj . 3 jm a VI
^Lc ii i jla cr,.^ ; ^ w ^ uji ^ ^Liut 1.1* ^ (t)
tjrS >-i£j ij^jijl^Ji 4JL_L^aiJI [^3^ tRedwood (1)
4jL«jMj jjLjjxV! jj^a j jj^> «U jJo ^Jjljj ^—jSLjj — « Vt L^j j_a_jJ LfT 4— iVj
.Ribonucleic Acid: RNA (o)
.JLJJI 1 d ;<,„ ^sji a sUUI ^ '.JUJi ^ :Gaul (1)
jlju^ . LjJLLaj] JLc-iij iLtjUt <__)j_£.j * LSLj^tlj ^ *l3-^'j 4_JL>J1 L_L^jj-a
^Ijj ^.q.."._-^a ^ j .tj l^iL^j ^Celtic 4_pl«Jt ^Lo/VI ^ JLiJl
jul^j^L^ .3 11 _ ^ * •) (j^jJjj o^jjU: tw > iqj^ Gaius Julius *Caesar (V)
.fu^lLI _ Jj5 ^ J ^ lt*^ 0^ I- 4 L^JU jjjU^jJ .^Lajj (Jlj 'Vn i r
.^j^il _ «^2ui>J( 4JUuIi <>c» dLiiVI ^ *cr^ : Red herring (A)
((((j-u^ajJj^ Jjji-jl» ^0 mijJI Lg-o-LJU^ <^^LVUJI : Galapagos Islands
(?JlA j j" '^'"j i L>JiVj-J (jjjLajJ LqJu < tin , h I Ju ) OX ^Lc i.
^psjVI SLq-jcJLu ^ L ^-o u>l j .<t " i . . . n" j tl.^ j-fi ^_t_>Jl 3l_j_>JI 4^\jJui jJ_>JI
l^j? jST<v ^pilj ^Galapagos 4_^U^oVL lg o .nlj) l^ai ^iuj^ ^pJI ia^UjJI
j>>JI tflA jJsj -(j^jVI j^e y>.\ ^ ^| J^U| ^Ixj^
L^iLjlj^p. d oaL^j t \ATo ^LJt ^ tjjjjl^ j^jllaj^Jl ^JUJI Lajjlj Uju^ ULU.
.^^iJLI _ archaios i^uUjJI ( ^ * )
3 \ I^jjl^ V Ijjl-a ur-i-iu ^ -l^^VI 4 j ^LjlJI ^ :Bazillion (> >)
.^^UI-L^U: V
Ji^sl jjja cAt^l cr^^LH^ • ^ ) .Alh! -Enrico Fermi (\ Y)
^buiVI lLLIHI < rt.V^lj ^subatomic phenomena oi- 3 >*l>laJl
Jo j) m a J rf i L m" a l£j^-> (J^-Loj Jjl (jit ■ ^ -M ^LjjiJj^-jjJLj (J: ^•^iTn-u-U
^ 3 1 m . \ ... J ...1 ,,, "U ^jjjJi J<- i a -t l : Nuclear chain reaction pt)
.Handbuch der Organischen Chemie (U)
J] j>^l Sjjl-a 4_il^lJj 4_jL>. Lajj rt aj * -Spores po)
^lll ^Ijjl <ya x^sjlu ju^ 5jl , „iz Lj!M->- (gametes cjLl^sUJI
J-a1 ^yJb CjUwUJI L*1u t u * ni-w^m ^jldH Jjat^ ^IjjVIj . I JUJuv I Jj_9
4jUv ^ Lij--i J< ilaSL^JLI ^ I 1 iilj c4-jj j "< ; \\ a\ j ^Jl ^
cjLV^JI ^) lj-i*-o V) 4_Luu (_kJ : j^tLpJt '.Trillion (H)
4_^lo_Lo ^ <c5j ^JH» ^LloJ , ujj .^jLJLlI Sj^e-xi : Milky Way ( W)
. L^LxJ ^ ijiki Mill J-«J ^^oJij >^j)-adJl /yi SjjJl^L (jrtJ^ ^ jjjSuJ <L_ug^JL>.
jli *3j^J,l Ji'lj (jlsj^l 0' L^-J .^LJaAJI JLLqj 4jjUJI t^-^-MiHj
ojji io ^ . ,. ^I^>-1 oLSLijSJI :L r -£j^JI .Planetesimal p )
.^a^pJLI _ Jai^aJI 5jlj*.j jjb jLJI ;Bar (Y)
jLwt n • ^ iAjSj^Vi jjIj^J^ 4jVj 4-4t.^U ij^j tDenver (V)
YAo* ^-ijpj ^U.o^JI ^j>^'lj jjjI^^I ixuuaLt *>iJ3^ sQuito (i)
<ya j-s^JI Uf ■» ^ LcLajjl jjb t^ii Mount Whitney (o)
i>Jt _J1 jJa^^ IjJL^ iiU ^^ij .^jLSJl iA J! Sjl^jUI ^L^JI
U^L^jl ^Lu t i_J^I JW^- cr^t 'UJ^h^ iMatterhorn (1)
subsoil 4j^tHI J^a 4j^1^JI ij^jJI : S^a- W> ".n^tiH 4 Si U 11 * Subsurface (V)
30 r (_yLc jl jo" ,»iL> SjJby.." 4 4_S_iL :^jL-aj_cJI jlJ*J>J1 ; Permafrost (A)
.^^pil _ 4 nUnll drtln'.U ^ jjj>-i 3^ : Siberian Tundra (^)
space probes *.l_Ja-aJ1 j_ijL_u_4 ^ 31,,.l,,,tjjjjL8 : Mariner )
i^^JLtj (dj^fcjJ! c-^lj-^ t^Jj— r, nl U l c^lj ^t_ua_a jljj V ^^JUI
SLjtjai ^Ll^jII Jjl c*iUi? »4jjIjJL1 4__L^ai iOrbiter(^Y)
ttLuai jljj jijJ AjSLj^I 4jjUia3 CjL^j^j (j-tLai*. 4 1 mi I i.i iijj^aJI
.^yijUH Jjbelll jLkLo jf i Spectroscope
cjLj^^J Lj^pa . MSLa t JM-aJVi jldJ^jOJI i Degradation (U)
JSLjU 2lu^ iCjIjjooLujJI iojjLx jt ix^ij^Jl 2ujjl>J1 'Jurassic Park ( ) o)
•(W^ 1 - It.""
jLst-ti! 3jl in r Jft t \ a , j * jJljus\ jjjtj njLa^-^LII i Amber (^)
jl ^j^l ^ S^UaJI |»Lu^Vl '.Unidentified Flying Objects: UFO ( W)
.s^Uaii jllAi
.LJUaJ ? t >J ui > - h ^(\rY\_\ro1) ^^Jj^b Dante Alighieri (U)
.^j^Xl -J^l ^jUujVI jjij ( robot cjjjj^JI 4 m.m ^^jjij '.Robotic (^)
Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (Y* )
requiescat in pace; RIP (Y\ )
^1 ,„U j c,^i>ll (n,^-, .Mars Pathfinder & Global Surveyor ( \ )
4dfllCTi) ^tjjJLl £_La_uu ■ a! ^.C" , ,,l ryi LlX 4" L7 jJ1 CjtjlSLaV Ij CjL-Ld_jJ1 j^j U"
cjULl-JI 'cr^>L l J..., Jb>U tMars Global Surveyor: MGS (Y)
t Y . . Y J^f ^1 \ <m ^jL^ : J^I^JI ^1 ,U r , ^ W/ <\/ \ \
.^jPbjPLI <_^l jJU tf] .Mars Observer (Y)
.PhobosI&Phobos II (t)
Professionals' demons (o)
.^^li! _ cr i-uLij * 5 <iktU o3±>- jl L^ijLJI * Paranoia (1)
Jet propulsion Laboratory: JPL (V)
^LaSU (3^-3 ^-l-jJI cJl^^JI « 1» : L_j_al jJ^^laJt t Topography (A)
J » I— a ^ji^l ^1 ^-j-o 3_L 4 a i.ntl CjLq .mil « i_j w. 4, j t U f .ri1 1 L^jLa-l-uJ
^ j t Jj jJjJ £ j^J^-V J*^^ f^A^ Lr'! J*^^^ O^J^ 6 J- 4-3 J (^)
l^ T t ^a JM->- C-JLujI Jj9j t j i <i "iu.n YV ^jj ^LfcJj dt^Iul ijj^>- 4~<i$A
M-lL>o \ Oj _ Sojourner ^ >,,ll _ «JI^_>JU ^ 3jj_<^> oo *^
CjULo La^-lT. j ^Lj^JI 4_ti_jju^dJ CjULuj *4_jitj^J,l j^iea-aU LuLj A-&
oLuj ^ jUJuMJ ^j-*-* Ji^i :4_fl>Jl ji u jrtH J 4 ,.«\\ iFloodplain (S * )
tvallis La! 1( 3_j > -cV1 jlLc ^jj-j-JI 4JJ J-jjT t^jji (^jlj ;Ares Vallis (\\ )
.^v^Llt _ <_t£lj£JI Jus* I ^rlnm ^^^k. jlj j&S *ValleS \ fri
.fi^pil _ cJju3*j}\j ^jjLlJI £>La ^iejj LLli Sjufcit SjljUl j\ iSjLuill Sinter p Y)
oljLuuJI 4_cLLus ^1 tjL^iVijA 4jV$j ojjjmjj 4_bjL4 '.Detroit ( ^ Y)
jl t 4..ofrj Y*\ i^lj^l Y JjLu JjJaJI ^L-2J ^ 3-ijLJ! iYard (^ i)
Mars 96 (> o)
cj\ j-_ ^jil j^-M ^>-^ >a c^>^' ^1 m U tBaikonur Cosmodrome (^*\)
( L^M1^I J^a ai^jiJ j^jL^ai ^V! «^ _ v^SJU tPlanet-B ( W)
r.alU'it j^j - 4-J>LLlJL Ja^I _ Nozomi ^jjy juu U_J3 c.-t^i...^
t>a>£i Ij^aj i'H^mm AjjIjlXI 4.^^11 l^a>Lk*)l juu oj£>J1
%
.The Martian Chronicles ( \ A)
_ o^'i u^j^ 5 all ^1 ; Disorienting (\\)
ol j <>--d ^ oLjjj^^jj^Ujj^KJi tChlorofluorocarbons; CFCs (Y* )
icLLua Luojj-a^j 4-JLUJI ^_jj->JI juu c 3^ a - > Lr^- '^-^
4_1_J<3 <_Jaj ^ < t , i >m"i*i L^jI , t rt" tjj tjjUttl aerosols cjL>*LJfcjj ju^Jt
.Gross National Product: GNP (Y^ )
<(Lh-« AA1A) ^UJl <ya t c^j-lj| <Mount Everest (YY)
^JL^ij ,„1j * .( WOAW) J^lj jJl^ij-, .Bertrand Russell (YY)
. tdT SLj J ^ol ^1 j ,,, <(U"\o_U^) ^Ul jji .^jJ^S-iJ Abraham .Lincoln )
Jefferson Davis (Y)
^LlV<m»VI lLjj-Jj l^a jliu>^ 3 -j* «)» :<liLaiJ( ^^ulu^JLI i Union shop (Y)
jj^a (J^— >u 4 — i n i nj_ a . 4_jJLj»_C 4jL_5jj <J_c_tjM <_o*L_4-a (j-u p ^1 A "!t ,
4^.1 IVnJ ^ (jSUj ^1, i >IujMJ Uaj-ii JLuJl tijljLij (j^JcJ . >>
Sjua Juu 4jLiiII j^J] Ijj i n"i o (jl Joj-ii (jn-uLij j-xc VUx. J i.(Taj ,j\ \ $ i ^. Luo
.^C>-jjI1 _ (SjLc Lojj Y * ) dJ_L«-d
National Academy of Sciences ( i )
jLsJj Vj i^jJlil 4JJ1 ^jxu -ijP'S-' 1 3^ 3**3 *^Lc. (j^lLUl : 3J)Iju3 J Lis
(jj <j j "m^ Jl 4JL^ i^JLc t^lJaj 3^ : 3^*3 *f*3^3 Ja^J Jl^o 4Jiilj ^ 4j
[HO ?»I^SJ(] ^dUil ^> 0^bf> : 4j^J .jLxilt
, f <■ - ■* , ^ „ »* * ' a * ' £ -7
(>J >JJ-^- 3^3 ^JLJJI I jufc 4_Jal± i-fl. tl V : ^ 1 %-_ « Tl jLJtj >(>u LLJ1 ^
£>jj 4J (j^XLiJI (jjr <>>jj ^Li-u jjfcj 'Si>4^ A '^>r\'t"\ : j^iiU-^Jt
: 3, 1 V t f ptyiji 3^3 .^1 (*^3 ) ^ : [o^>-^']^>^-^
3^*J (j-a J-*^ 3- A -^*-*i ^JoaJI Ijuk i^lx, : ^L^jJL! JLLj .^/Jal jImTIj
Lh 1 ^dj 3^*3 * LLlILaJ) ^j-fl p^l'i o ) Ct..<\ \.it q\ ; u mi r Vt 3^ . 3JuiL>-
3lij . O^J^^ ^3 S->^ £JJ Lf-> 3^ : ' (J*^- L*J Jj^ >*3
. foJLi ^J-^l i j m.c 4 Vtl a") 3^J >C 4JJ ^jj : <Ula
^jj] L^>»i t>» l^-^' » <-^' o^-vj^ ^ o! : l^j- 1 ^' .tun. >ji 3^3
(JxJl oj^j' <(*JLii <-oJf tj^jLcj JjiLkJI : JjLa_« 3^3 * J^-lj ^J^-
4j}_3 <JoJji ; jj_i3J«3 3>^-* 3^ J^l~^ ; 3'i^^ d ^ ^-^^ 33^' 3>^'3
3U> : jULi
^Ji. 3-^ I OjMjlJIj ^LJI (jji jj-a-Ui j<u [VT : \ "niHj^lfl ^j'm
.Sj-^Vtj ^^iJi iik ^^(JuJi : 3\i^i4SJt 3Li il^.^j^
fjuiu* ; 3^ u : (Jiiij jJJi ; 3^1 3ii}
: j Vcv ii i^ju (jjij 313 u^j^^ 1 ^3 •^- l -*'3 ^^*3 ''j^^j Laji_k <u ji
: 3i^JI 3Ui ; O^ILJJI L>3 *4jJI 3li 1^1 : Jj 3Ui ; AlJ jlV^JI
(j^a tjj ^jJljnJLI (jLfl t( yvt U 3^ : 3^ (3^' ^ j^^J ur 1 ^- «L>p>Lil^ t>»3
^>-), i <3 « H («utia-jj t 5 i» i MiUj a j s j j A I j^LjlLJ ^jl-aII <_jL£J1 > Bible (V)
4 jnl 1 Mnjj^-JI (j^USJI ^jLjvt j ■>> ^ ^Um.Ij^I .Protestant (A)
( n j 1 (jru j-oJl ^ 4_^>Li. r.U.V.j 5j<j| j-,l < 4_*<Lr*_4 -.^ij'rt'H 4_^L^a
4Jjj «u» .dU^JI k^^>- t 4_iljji 4_«jS1jv « 1» :4J2L=>1 >^ j j (Theocracy p * )
.^>.^xU - jjJjJI JLvj fi^>J 4jll^>Lv
jl^Ij ^VUJAAl) jjli^-J (jXuaVl <u^J$ iL ^jU jS^i ;Chko Marx (\\)
.^<u>-jjil ^V'V ^Lc <(iiajJi »l m.^)) ^Li3 ^Lil JlSj i^j-JjJ!
( (^M_UAA) l-UjjI ^^LudVI 4 o M,tj l^Jl-a ^..jLb <Harpo Marx (IT)
i 3 " jjj ^jSUa 4 o V ^ cjLoLv ioLc.j^)JLl cj! iCrop circles pV)
1 Id".* Mr*> jJa jl 4ijLfc 4JI ,\t£
Angel, Roger, and Woolf, Neville. "Searching for Life on
Other Planets." Scientific American, April 1996.
.Davies, Paul. Are We Alone? New York: Basic Books, 1995.
DeDuve, Christian. Vital Dust: Life as a Cosmic Imperative.
New York: Basic Books, 1994.
Goldsmith, Donald. Worlds Unnumbered: The Search for Extrasolar
Planets. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books, 1997.
Goldsmith, Donald (ed.). The Quest for Extraterrestrial Life.
Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books, 1980.
Goldsmith, Donald, and Owen, Tobias. The Search for Life
in the Universe (2d ed.). Reading, XM: Addison- Wesley, 1992.
Kargel, Jeffrey, and Strom, Robert. "Global Climatic Change
on Mars." Scientific American, November 1996.
Klass, Philip. UFO Abductions: A Dangerous Game. Buffalo:
Prometheus Books, 1989.
"Life in the Universe." Special issue of Scientific American,
September 1994.
McKay, David, et al. "Search for Past Life for Mars: Possible Relic
Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH 84001." Science 273, 924, 16
.August 1996
Morrison, David, and Owen, Tobias. Ale Planetary System
(2d ed.). Reading, AAA: Addison- Wesley, 1992.
Sagan, Carl. The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle
in the Dark. New York: Random House, 1996.
Sagan, Carl. Pale Blue Dot. New York: Random House, 1994.
ATiintir
^ Accretion
.CjLljjj^jJI o^l]
r\llllllU aLIU
i y n 1 1 jj i^jjtjJI <?Lxj>J 1 GOniclinS (jjjLj^o JL>.| j)l ifl 4
w ~ fj\ 1 ^ i< Sjlj. It 2 <; 2 A ^.tt a . i .
Archaea (singular
Archaeon)
, f a \ a . l*t *j 1 1 d i .' t 1 • t 1 d ». i >x 1 1 * . a a ( . , j» 1 1
Asteroid
L£jl '""j i* llj ^^jVl ( jru 4 U i nj-Hll 2LflL_uull
« r.<ij *>Ll* moo- • * y j^^ls *
♦ (A.U) jl ^kj IjLufiuiJ
Astronomical Unit
Atom
3jj
.^-uaifcij L> ^jLuaj>JI JjuJi i jufc JJL^j
t prokaryotes SljiJI cjLoIju LojL^ ^Jsjj-jlIIj
Bacteria
Basalt
cJjLJI
3jl <i) Jj^-j-uVt JL»J J. .-( .l>i £t jt itT, i <>JU
3jj m i 4.\j JL«*1 jt 4-jvLut i£JiJl t(4 ^ i ii j\r>\ <«..<a
Biomagnetite
. 4_psJI CjLuLSJI ^ya 4 *t.<9 a l-sLLloV pfl ^ <j-UL4
Biomineral
<S*S S . ^tl jl Jt,) «_ ( _*.,^J iLalSJI 3ju^*<JI
Biosphere
tUrJ^wjjJU^ilj iQjij£J\ Oljj <Urt^ O^SLo *l£>>>
Carbohydrate
^ 2UtoJLt isotopes Ujjli^j ^ J£ ^31^3 toUjjj^j
Carbon
CfbdlteAAJI ^ J*>iJ>
L^l^lj 4_^_jJj| jj V tn\\ ^JuM J) 'r^r
.chondrules oVjj > i£J1 ^ o ,
Carbonaceous
chondrite
ji^^LJt cjijj 4j>£Jtl — *il (j « 4 *i — a
olj Ut — M £j jJi! *iVi j
^j^a J£ Jtfujp \$ i*4j ttiijjJIj i^jjJj-uaJlj < j i <>■ Ulj
Carbonate
Carhnn dinvidp
. L^jI j JLaj j£.LiHl i.iWfmo <jt JjJ>
Catalyst
(JK <"it ^1 JU>.jj 4 1 <7 1 Ujj 4,1, j '^H 3 JUv^
C7 _a 4 ji^jVl 3l_pJI ^ji^_jjj ♦(^ojVl ^ lr SLpJI
Si ■ ^tl 2 , ,-*\ ;MC ti . ; -^t *m . ^ ^ti
^1 oblj j ^tlj cjUL^J! ^1 ,4 , U1I
[ *\L^JI ^ * ^L^j — 4 \j "H l «V| ^ (Jj " — "
•( ^* UJ^ 8 OJ^» = UJ^J 5 )
Cell
^Ul Jlq->j 4 Urti imj 3jlj^>JI CjLkjjJ jflfl
^ 4 ' " JL9j . 4^wj-i > • * JLi£. cUI OU^J Jrt i^ltl JU£,
jjbj ^Celsius ^jj^J^u jjjuT ^Jl 4 t_n«) (jjliuJb
J-jU>J Ji^ i( Wt i-W* > ) L^^i? (jr^
Celsius
(Centigrade)
temperature scale
Chert
inclusions ,J_c <c C< i
♦ CjV^jj J Kit ^4 < uTi
Chondrite
Chondrule
4jj_3jJL^
Jj3^' <^^' t£a>^' ^ ^ a-* •*>• <* '<*
CiU^Ji ^LbVb *(DNA UjJl) <>~^Vl
Chromosome
3j-£» ^1 t a a mi fl Iri (II 4-ojI JL> SjLa qjh 4 it^mt
Comet
<jj^-* 4_j| ^yJuL^j - 4-1>Ij <-«mn 4-allL>Jtl ^jtoLuJI
Compound
Cosmic rays
.panspermia J^LUI Jjjli ^1
Cosmic seeding
Daughter nucleus
J!j_^ l XI jX jl a < Si i ^\\ j« 2 Ah ^ « IU1
Directed panspermia
4^jli J_*UJ! j>pJI
ju£, .Sj,.jt tr> cJ&yy>. {jA 4Jj£Jll 4-£j~ ijlU cLajljjJt
LjjJI ^j-* J-^L^ ^yj>. ^jj^£3 3^Lcl ^^j->Ji (jJuLoli
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
acid)
.prokaryotes SljJJI oLuIjuj t (4 <nj all sLj^JI)
. eukaryotes Sl^UI oL^-t^j
Domain
. JL*5tlU (CO2) o>L>^' Jlu-u^I Lt jIj
Dry ice
i ^ -^1,1 l.iA ,„l plj .solvent
ji ^
Earth life
LJj (SEM ^Ut c^juh^VI j^-lt) L. 3j>L> ^
Electron microscope
^311 cilj-SLill ^jpj .(TEM ^j^LI e^jD-^)"
UK 3 dJ -^J J-4-*J (c^j'J '"J *(£j-^
Electron
JJ C 1 $jjJ ^ylJI Ajjjdl J£ £j <J 3C «
Element
cjLL3-j*II 4_jJa ^jSLxu jJaj^S" J^ju i(RNA U>j)
Enzyme
SrtUU 31 yJI Ji.b dlj^Lx (>a J£ 4jjIjjJI SjIILj
Eukaryote
.4l5L^ L*L*
Europa
4._i t i l-3j>IcJI u>j t-.i in n ^JlIIj <(j^L£lII
L^JlC igl ■ "** cJiilocJ ' ** ' J"** f i4^jLlajJLI 4_psJ ! CjLuLSUI
Evolution
(4 t — >JI oLljlSLJI rya <ct ,—11 4 i — luULi
t-»LljKJJ l^LLl^JI ljL_JIj_j ^ ^ * a A r.r. \\ ^ J t 5 a
Evolutionary
distance
. (jn^MiH ^^_>J J^>. J^JU L-j^i^ (^^A ^(iKl Mitl
Extrasolar
j^jGj t j-JjJll In i ii j>-p Jj-^o l4-j-bj-C 3jJc_ju3
Face on Mars
Fossil
Ly \£L 3jLc L^J** * tlr\J^--J-J t CjLj_a (jH->-J j^^-^'
< *1 f nLftjj ^ylLllj ijLJtJI^ oljUJI (j-A Sj i*i» a oLl<^
Galaxy
\
C*iLtiij^l t _ r lJtj ^iSj"' Mig U 4juLj jLajsI J-t^l
Galilean satellites
jjijtU. jU^!
. 1 * mi n (Ml; a ,J! c.li^g (-jJla M^V >L_c
.<d 4jLiLiil ^jLJL>. jLft^lj j-A ojjp ij^LaxIl
Galileo spacecraft
4-i^l .^rtll 4j^JLi
J><mm ^IjjJI 0j h .ntl 4_LL^3_) - JjL^fcJ mJjJI
. 4_u_psVl ^yoLc_>-^i ^jjo 4-Luua 4JLuiLuj
Gene
L^*>. J£ ^jlt^ <RNA L> jJI jt DNA
.DNA LjJI c^l^J o^l^l
Genetic code
oj h Mitt
Genome
Geochemistry
cJi *— u£> ^ T ^ lij-f? Hjj
— a 3 JL-} J C Ol * a L jl\ 1 1 5t-J j! (^pajVl
Giant planet
t-flMJLlI 4JoL^J_J »lj^q-J>Jl <JJ± 4.t M.Vl (jj/LlJL^t
Greenhouse effect
L^j|jL>j CjIjjJj t-alUu JbjLstiJ JUdiui
Greigite
.4ijL* ^ solvents oLujJLI >&f jt
Habitable zone
1 ti ti ** t * t i
4_>JLuaJl 4 nU«U
■
.^LuWI JLtlU 4juULI <>a
Half-life
tljLiujI LajJ£! cr-^j j_^Ll*JI cJiiwl
Helium
(jryxjjj — j — $Jl Ci\ ^ J^aLSLJL (jj^i-J
Hydrocarbon
Hydrogen
Hyperthermophile
Igneous rock
frequen- cjljjp cjIjj J^L! 4^.^ JI^Lf
^1 oL»^jj_iJl ^ L^iM_u i ; a j-* >i Jaf cies
Lifrared
jp^jVlj *3>A)Jlj ojlUr t* 1 1 11 ^.tl^ljiLH
Inner planets
Inorganic
Interplanetary dust
*
♦ jldjjVt ^^fcJJJ ^^>JI <_fl}L*]l (ja
Interstellar dust
Ion
Iron oxide
JLjJL>JI JLuoi^f
Iron sulfide
1 JJlC e£$->«J L$j£LJ (4 ii. A) j mit U Lt x-Iuj (^JLjJLjj
Isotope
(j^jjtjj i^^JUl ^ItVtH ^ 4 r<< 1 1 4 j <<,L^Vl 3jl^.jJ1
" * » iLj ^jVl ttUmi ij-^-J *(*b — ^ Cr^-
Kilogram
.jjii^ * ,mrv j?
Kilometer
>^»>^
Kinetic energy
. 4_L5C_, aiJjJI ^J^J *lj^>Jl ^JJJ 4_JLj!oV|
Light
dJL^u LJ _a ^ j <>> ti 1 ^ *U5 * u ~ \\ 2 aI - "11
Light-year
4jjjb_JI cjLuISUI L-flljLudl p^ljJij Un) LJLL **U1
x Limestone
Luminosity
c*A->- i^jU < ii
jl ^jVl (J_>-l j cioj^j melted « jj * -uo
.^jVL ^AJI c-^ijSJI
Magma
CjLcJ— ^yH (JJ)^~ J i JUjL_>Jl J J < iiL£| (j_4 <_>J-jL^>
Magnetite
CcLHl>.U
i,
4 i i ii i In lit, 4 4_u Juuxs CjLi^uij JjjAitlu *j Lj^jJtlS-J
* spatially Lj>x». <^*>^
Magnetotactic
Bacteria
^ i inKLim
(jo^ju t^jVL JjU ^LL3j^ 4jt in CjVUJI
Mass extinction
■
Metabolism
tl *-M Ml l\l * 1 • t \» ^ • *
Meteor
Meteorite
j V tn tl £yi ( ]r\ \\ jl t-a jl (Jlj ^ ' ^ < n ^
Meteoroid
(AfcH
Meteor shower
(Mil " a 1 . S l ^jLj_u < fc M "v. i4 mm jLlu.11 ^j-u Mill
Meteor swarm
(^jL^jj i^j^LlI ^1 U ill J jUII 2LujjLjjVI 3jl>-jJI
. Lljj^Sj 4jus jj , TV
Meter
>^
Oj^_>- 1 t Ijj J ^ f*l*t 4 o niL>- 4 j <M Cjlli 4_)j->u
4JjJUj 4 Lrt ( dalll ^jJU-U jull^ 4_iK ^ erlj^'
£y ...I. . -a .tt iUL^ijji ^AAV <r . iAl ^ X
j-j_c £j_^xll 4^Cj^lm (j! Cjj^IoIj .^yjjj-a -ijlj-ijj
j, * * 4j£j^>* l£ ,^C. j tri <ll ^jiaJLi »l <ri nil
♦ »j <^tt t ^ ^.K j| »j i^tl
Michelson-Morley
experiment
- ojinljMMa 4jjj>o
■
C 1 1 1 1 \ t **- I **<*
Microbacteria
(microbes)
Ai „ til tl
{jA ' , * * 'IVY ^jLuui} tjJJU j^-lUi (j-a f-js>.
Micron
iriiiKy w d.y
iV^i 11 1 r> o **
lviuiiuar
Millimeter
Mineral
Molecule
Monomer
£jjaJI Sip o* i^suJI
Murchison meteorite
^ jJI j ^l£JL ^UJI DNA LijJt ^ j^Ju
< n i->JI (jJJ < M mil Jn Vm <ilsjj_j <jt
tl /"ill i i~ti a 1 A /■ v a*4 a ^ .M C~ 1 1 2 i 1 a r . t \1
.( Ct jU->JI) ^IjjJI <jjLpJI <±JjjL3*
Mutation
Nanofossil
Nanometer
Jlstl! (jlajJLjj *4jji 3t^j (j-A U^>- (jj^i L^-J^
Neutron
* CjjjJ^jj Ji ) &J in r jt 4.t ml j! i4_ul—*J j! t4 ,t I id
CjIjj^jj— 1J 4._t, J—Ul lT^J^ * < tl ^tjj < rlr t (jJJLjUUJ
* * ** * Ll At A t | r it A
Nitrogen
Joj& <ilsJL3tJ jJI J tSpJjO l£>^ ^hi^^ LTpt>J jLaJul
Nuclear fusion
LjjJI) (>jfc.Mi^Vl ^Jf^i* (jr 1 ^' l£J>^' o^«JI Lu»l
.(RNA U i ^ J l\ uSjyil o^wJI Ul^ t (DNA
Nucleic acid
Lj jJI DNA LijJI ^ LJLuaj SU.^tl oL1j>>JI jl>1
4-jljjVI CjljL-Pj-iK^iJI ;DNA LijJ! . RNA
Lai i<>u_oVlj h>jIjj>JIj ^tjjjj)" i intlj tt > «i i Mi ^yk
4_l_*L ^jJI j^jJI l-ljiL Jj_^uljj_iJLd iRNA UjJI ^
.DNA LijJI ^jruuiJI
Nucleotide
Nucleus
4 — j — Cj — <DI jisLLLl £^->Q 3 JLjJ c ^Ij-jl 2 J —
Organelle
(ol j inr 4j <^>f
Organic
(Jj_j>-jjI 4JjJ_a <_jj_dJl_j 4_il£, j-lX. ^^j-_LJ J ^
spores ^Ijjt ^^k. (j:>i*J9 ^LJI ^ 4^^]!
CjIjj1<^ ^^^-jJlI! jjuJI ^1 dl>0 L^jf Lo>.V t amm^I
Orgeuil meteorite
Orthopyroxene
4U Tlj — 4 (>Jr m ^Vl (j^O Llllj j Cr Jk (^J-J— SfcJ j-lfl
. 4_j^i^ CjLjjjLj
Oxide
j mi c ^^Jul jl j mi r JL.3-! jf i3 ^ mi r j! t m"
4 Li\ <*J 5t_i n *sSM Cllji *-<lc.t lill*ixJJ * UlJ^Jj U
Oxygen
L(lfl ^j^a (J-°J^I ^ mi <ul <a — stJ i^psj^Ll (^j_>Jl
Ozone
>-^V <— JLiXl J j j . mi ^yix. * (jLiL* ^1
.cosmic seeding ^^SUI
Panspermia
Parent nucleus
Permafrost
(H2S) jr^wj^Ju^JI (jluj^jJ?) J-uaJLu c-.-t.lj i4_pj|
<**>Uo-r c-J£? ^ (H 2 0) *UI <L^lL ^jdt JJJJ1
Photosynthesis
Planet
jjj-sa ^^ii. jjLUlj ij^xjSLj L_iS^SLJl t j^a jJljud\ p.ui y
.<Ujl_pJtl CjLolIaJjVI JuJuJI j^±£. l-^I^
Planetesimal
4j-LbjVl Sj^ati plates jjLLuaJ 4mU.H oL^JI
.4-) 4^UMitl <-£lj£Jlj
Plate tectonics
Polymer
• U (Jf i^Vl l_s>UJI
Primitive atmosphere
^laJl ^^>JI uiMill
£ , (jru 1 « JlJLoj ^1 t_»L_H_jxVl JM <jls>jVl
Primitive Earth
Juvjj V L;r uJI j 4_tJL^Jl 3Llj>JI ,j^£JL|^
Prokaryote
^oLa^Vl ^Jj-ti^Luai
Protein
-l.lt. t tti , « t , *• ^*tl
,4jjjJl
Proton
Protoplanet
tLa l-jSTjSLj J<aj_5fcjj *jLj-C.j CjIjLc ^j-jO (jj^ O^J^
Protoplanetary
Disk
^yjljUjl (^y^SUl ^^ajJlji
Protostar
Protosun
<Lul JLjJ! ^yti 1 1
Pyrolitic
^ys CjI J—^J (jj^ujj i JUJL_>Jl ol J j nlm (j-a
Pyrrhotite
Radioactive decay
Radioactive Nucleus
/Jill 4-tajVl JJX. 4. 1 < n't , >«Li_aj j<)V t^tl )L^C? JL>JL*j
0>u (nSjjyi 4^Vl>>) 4^Vl JJ^i (((4JL.VI
Radiometric dating
DNA UjJI L$J>U. hm ^1 2L.J.J «tl
. jJI^JJ LxbLLax « Lb!»
, Replication
^rAj tRNA UjJI (j-a oL-LjJ^xj ,L_3 * a dr^i>»
Ribosome
JLjJljlJLi <DNA LjjJI Lr*^
J^v LM-JJI Jib L-^Ui^l
^1 *DNA UjJI <ys ,^ "U 4 .'-nN JSL^jJI
RNA (ribonucleic
acid)
^Lfljjl ^Jt L*K 4jjJs jlj>J 4 \ i V.ttt >-ub
t(Jj|j. mil j V j" oVj » 4 SjLjj ^yJJ t^SJI jtia-t^
Runaway
greenhouse effect
U^jj^-gJI 4^3 jJl j^ut3
4JjO j-i^t p mi "w J^>- JLi Li unt j- 1, i p 1 n *w
Satellite
\ .
tjj^^jlj tj_4jjl 4—J-jl mil pi n lUTl (j-* I— lL^aj
.4jjinttl jljllj io-^^'j
Sedimentary rock
La ^ <n fj-^ I 4 ^ Lr^l 4-ujL>Jl
Self-gravitation
4-i3l jJI 4-ij^L>JI
£j jaJI SU* tliaxll
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: SETI
SETI
Shooting star
< A q
Silicates
Sinter
^ j-aj i4«Mi~ a j! 4lM u. " « 4 iU r 4JL^
Skepticism
4j < \ ill t4a^5Lui
* 4ajl JuJl (j.u.q uitU ( Inj^j fjy^^ Ju
Solar nebula
^.m.Ki Mill ^4_>Ju_uJI
1-4J i^j m <j Mill J^S^ JJ JU (^yjJl ^1 ( n-wVi Jul J (j-nq t"ifl
.C^I^SJI jLuJIj <*-id*tlflj (SjljjJI cdjLiJIj
Solar system
4_u,u-<i m.TI ^C^jkXI
oll^fciJ JjLii ttij^l 3jLa 2b 1 jj 4J&4J Jjl-Lii
Solvent
^JSL<u^ <4-$j1 mi." * ^.-j-JtJ^-ilj nM ^ ^ydJl
.^-Lu 1 o j ^ ^i!>-^
Species
Spectrometer
■
Spectrum
Jt ni <j^« i \ \ Q in 1 1 4 n <^> "ill! dljLiJl Jys 51" <
Star
^LqjuVI o>LcL^j ^jp <4_lj! jJI 4_ujL^>J!
(jjl m;jJ3 <&Uo ^Lul (jJI iUj^jj ^ l£33^\
cjIj o ♦ "< <.u-a3 ^ ijjSLa layered SLlqLlL jy*-t ^
Stromatolite
aU! (>u 4l i^LDI jjJl>JI ^^ic J it" Uy ^l\ bj.,M^itl
Sublimation
* 4_1jLj_u 4_L>-^j$_i
Sulfide
t>a j *i <l jl Jl^Ij_» ,d i sj $< \\ 4 '<->- M.tl 4_JLcJl
.4_btxiJ! 4_l3.jII AjjJLUI iTjUjjVI
4_ulj_*iuJI ^jjtU 4UihjIII 4_^^^JI 4^LLJ|
Temperature
1
. 4_JL*J! 3jlj^>JI CjLvj J Ju£. ^o_uj (Jin tj (jy ^-
Thermophile
Terraforming
. j^. T <jjl£J «4 iij a))
Virus
<_£a£j l3j_*j t \ <WA ^ L^c ^ o^J^' (>° * **' s
. \ ^A^ ^UJI ^ o>^J
Voyager
Spacecraft
. Lab- 4juM ^ I^jMjLs (j^ <Li3tt.mrt nil
X rays
.^J^j-oj i Luj^iJl^ 4jlxL>. (jja cilia!) ^ atjjj^jdl SjI^jIi i _ 7 ki J <n^» •
. dtj^il _ 4oJjjl)I (JjjJt <UuaL>* t4-tstjuaJI ^^JjlII <_jJ^jlj
.(jVI ^Ib^j. ^Lc L^jLiijJ Juuo «< t iUII c-ij^ftj)) j^t^o •
.(Y • • Y) ^ <( ^ W)
Cj>L^j {JT J*> 3jj) m.UI 5 j <iUtl j 4 j jUll CjVI nil CjIj mi r 4_J •
j^A J£ j-Ua^o ^ jJLuaJ 3 1ml mi «4^ ^»JLl ^JI_C»
jju-d jlSj . oj^JI 2Jjj . tjj^M j 4_aL2ill LT lUjJI ^jnl^U
5— al rtMl SjL_L^V SjUj (^jLoJ! JUjJj 4,1 ml mil 0jUfc L_3Jl_$J
4j^fLi]l oIjLjJI (±jjl_^L 4-Ljj llUIx^j ilu&j-nW u
cjLoIjjJI . cj>L^jJI cjj! . 3rtMil^ . jjjlj : 4-uLojVI cjLJjjJI . )
. tj-tiij file . j , „ _ jLualiJal - ^1 :4 j r I -wVi ^^1<J1 . Y
*cj\ t\*tu j » a - 4 j^-j*iljJL^il cjL_uIj_} _ .l->jU VI _ LJaljJuw
1 < n jJtl . ^ju-Jlt - (j-aJl 4 n < nl^j (JLo-^Jl : 4jJLi!l CjL_uIjJl1I . 1
» 4 j j< mil jjj) 'flUj 4 jlj^ iV«tl j^loJl .
^j_LjlI! >Uj mm" i 4lLa <_ui^j ^ U II ^-jjIj : 4-j_*l«JI CjLl^IjJlII -
t(^jl » 11 dJU^J < n \y\ c_J>l j_>JLj IaVI d j ^ j .U"tl
. 4x>* jj jjShJ I CjL-o!jjJIj
j t in . 4_oJjJtl jl ILqjxjJUI - 4_j_cl JuVI JUx.Vl 4_Li_ui]Lj Lai
1 m »^ Sju^lj 3 j ts\ V nil 4 rtlt"U Jl o r VI liiJjLfSj * 5 j ^ , „ A j 4_juaJ9j
.^UkJI Cu^jJI Jij I j julL j^o! Ijl^S
ijja 4 a J-JaJU ^ ^ ^-j "tlj cJloJLJIII ol—^lj "< ^>L> 4l t<i\< i_< ^^JJ
< ^ a 4ir < a \ J_<_<jj»j i^jx^JjJi 3JL». *4jJL^> ^JUaj 4 1,j a ft I j
ciilllSj h-jL&U i*L*JI S^SLdJL Sj^Juo J^j U£ 4 4_i1udV| 41a1j c-jL&JI
(j-fixliJ SJbLSll ^yLusVI ljLjSJI CjLst-a-i-d j*L-Sj! (jjJLj (j? l.<aj
^1 ^ jJkltl 1 flK^v V iL-JLJIj jZLg-rw^JlXI 4 > <i <^tl t-dLj. ^yLl
. La^ulj f jl^ ^ jIlLLcVl 4JL>. A j UjwVI loo53Ij CjHsjU^U
CjLjLuJI tj * trtTn c-jIjSJI j 5^j-«-o ^^ji Lr*^
(jrO_Jt — <-u_j . 4 — q—>.j— oJLlj 4 rtl jJLl — 4 — IajJa^>Jt1 pj 1 ^" ^JjI 7i a
a\ „„JLJ1 oJU ^ jJL^p
> ^VA ^
^ui ^,jmS\ yc^Ji ouUi_r
> ^VA ^jL.
> ^VA^L,
(/•^ / 3 :*_iJb
^VAj_J^
^jb*>- / j :*JLJb
^ *VA
>.>*J^ /^b
^VA^^l
(Jjif ^o f ^i^ty_A
Jfo**." /Li / j : jlcj J-S^
WVA
U ^ twiU / j :« u oJb
\ \V\ yj*]
jUcJt j jujh> / ■> :«^oJb
...
^ *va
^JUJIjlp ^1 / ^ :wUb
y yJlJUPjUJl oOW-^r
^JU«> ^ . / * :^Jb
^ w
ISAM**'*) /^'^j*
J\ ju** : t^oJb
■
I i!
I "I'll
! !■"
I"
III If.!
t
!l]l!.:>!H
liEi :
,11 i
IJ'
Jib ^^j$£JI IjLfc ^ ^jJLajkJ (j*J J-fc : JlJ-i-u Lloj_jua^>. ijjiaj^l t_j5a-£
J*JJL (JJUa c*il£ Ujj 4jT ^Jtjrt^ JJ j Jjl JajJLI ciLiiSifl
3LiaJ1U lJJjJLI Ljh^j ^jV) 5>JJj ^Vtj .^tf£JI (>» j-^T
UL»JI cjIj^TlaIL Ij£h» i-£j&} Jj-^Jl ^yJI 4*ju-jsill!
j_A ^iJ| .dU SfcjJ jl i _ J itjjJLl jiaJl L_flLlj5\j frlj-u
2r* \.*<-.^ \ olixJl^l^j (Pll obj^t j-jiu tilJj^j .L_jbil1 J^t^
. Sjjjt^jUl icjj^^il L-J^ljS ^ Lu(j^ L_Jjjt JtJjJLl Jtlu-U
ISBN 99905 - - 096 - J